Professional duties синоним

ˈdju:tɪ сущ.
1) почтение, уважение, повиновение Many kisses from all children, and William’s respectful duty. ≈ Много поцелуев от детей и почтительный поклон от Уильяма. Syn: homage, respect, submission
2) налог, пошлина, гербовый сбор customs duties ≈ таможенные пошлины
3) долг, обязательство to do one’s duty ≈ исполнять свой долг civic duties ≈ гражданские обязательства ethical duty, moral duty ≈ моральный долг patriotic duties ≈ долг перед родиной Syn: obligation
4) а) служебные обязанности;
дежурство to assume a duty ≈ принимать на себя обязанность to carry out, discharge, do, perform one’s duty ≈ выполнять обязанность to shirk one’s duty ≈ уклоняться от выполнения обязанностей to take up one’s duties ≈ приступить к своим обязанностям legal duty ≈ законное право official duties ≈ служебные обязанности painful duty ≈ неприятная обязанность professional duties ≈ профессиональные обязанности supervisory duties ≈ обязанности руководителя duty officer ≈ амер.;
воен. дежурный офицер on duty ≈ на дежурстве;
при исполнении служебных обязанностей doctor on duty ≈ дежурный врач off duty ≈ вне службы out of duty ≈ вне службы, в свободное от работы время duty journey ≈ служебная поездка, командировка Syn: office, function
1., service б) церк. служба He does Sunday duty in a neighbouring parish. ≈ Он проводил воскресную службу в соседнем приходе.
5) тех. работа, производительность, режим (машины) ;
мощность duty of water ≈ гидромодуль
долг, моральное обязательство — a sence of * чувство долга — in * bound, in bounden * из чувства долга;
по долгу службы — one’s * to one’s country патриотический долг, долг перед родиной — one’s *by smb. моральное обязательство по отношению к кому-л. — to do one’s * выполнить свой долг — it’s your * to do this твой долг сделать это;
ты должен /обязан/ сделать это — to shirk one’s * уклоняться от выполнения своего долга — to fail in one’s * не выполнить своего долга — he knows where his * lies он знает в чем состоит его долг /к чему призывает его долг/ — I shall make it my * /a point of */ to do so я буду считать своим долгом сделать это функция, обязанность — bedroom duties супружеские обязанности — the duties of a soldier обязанности солдата — * status( военное) исполнение военных обязанностей — in * status при исполнении служебных обязанностей — to do * for smb., to take smb.’s * выполнять чьи-л. обязанности, замещать кого-л. — to do * for smth. заменять что-л.;
использоваться /употребляться/ вместо чего-л. — the settee does * for a bed (разговорное) канапе служит /используется/ как кровать — to take up /to enter upon/ one’s duties приступать к исполнению своих обязанностей — to assume the duties of parenthood взять на себя родительские обязанности — to return to * возвратиться к исполнению своих обязанностей — to relieve smb. of the * of doing smth. освободить кого-л. от обязанности сделать что-Л. дежурство, вахта;
пребывание на службе — * officer дежурный офицер — * list (военное) график дежурств — * roster( военное) книга /лист/ нарядов на работу — on * дежурный;
во время дежурства;
в служебное время;
на службе — to be on * дежурить;
находиться при исполнении служебных обязанностей — I am on * for the week я дежурю /на дежурстве/ в течение недели — to go on * приступить к дежурству /несению дежурства/ — to be off * быть свободным, не дежурить — to come off * сдать дежурство, смениться — to hand over * to smb. сдать дежурство кому-л. — to have the * (морское) нести вахту, стоять на часах — to pull * нести дежурство, быть на дежурстве — to be on temporare * (американизм) быть в командировке (церковное) служба — ministerial /clerical/ * церковная служба воинская повинность миссия, задача — the duties of infantry задачи пехоты — the chief duties of reconnaissance aircraft основные задачи разведывательной авиации (книжное) почтение, уважение, почтительность — to pay one’s * to smb. оказывать почтение кому-л. — to present one’s * to smb. свидетельствовать свое почтение кому-л. — in * to your wishes из уважения к вашим желаниям, уважая ваши желания гербовый сбор, налог, пошлина — customs duties таможенные пошлины — excise duties акцизный сбор — export duties вывозная пошлина — * ad valorem пошлина, взимаемая (в процентах) со стоимости товара — stamp * почтовый сбор — liable to * подлежащий обложению — to lay /to levy/ duties on smth. обложить что-л. налогом — to take the * off goods освободить товары от обложения налогом (детское) (разговорное) » большие дела» — have you done your *? ты сделал свои дела? ты сделал по-большому? (техническое) производительность (котла, насоса и т. п.) ;
мощность;
полезная работа (машины) режим загрузки или работы (машины, конструкции) — heavy /severe/ * тяжелая условия работы — continuous * длительный режим( сельскохозяйственное) гидромодуль (тж. * of water)
ad valorem ~ пошлина, пропорциональная стоимости товара ad valorem ~ пошлина «ад валорем»;
стоимостный тариф
additional ~ дополнительная обязанность additional ~ дополнительный сбор
alcohol excise ~ акцизный сбор за продажу алкогольных напитков
allotment ~ распределительный налог
antidumping ~ антидемпинговая пошлина
back ~ дополнительный сбор
basic ~ основной сбор
betting ~ тотализаторный налог
capital ~ налог на капитал
civic ~ гражданская обязанность civic ~ гражданский долг
compensatory ~ копенсационная пошлина (ЕЭС)
consumer loan ~ налог на потребительскую ссуду
consumer loan interest ~ налог на проценты потребительской ссуды
contingent ~ условная обязанность
contract stamp ~ сбор за биржевую печать
countervailing ~ эк. компенсационная пошлина countervailing ~ компенсационная таможенная пошлина
customs ~ таможенная пошлина customs ~ таможенный сбор
day ~ повседневные обязанности
differential ~ дифференциальная пошлина
~ долг, обязанность;
to do one’s duty исполнять свой долг
on ~ на дежурстве;
при исполнении служебных обязанностей;
doctor on duty дежурный врач
donation ~ налог на дарение
duty вахта ~ гербовый сбор ~ дежурство ~ долг, обязанность;
to do one’s duty исполнять свой долг ~ задание ~ задача ~ моральное обязательство ~ налог ~ обязанность ~ поручение ~ почтение;
he sends his duty to you он свидетельствует вам свое почтение ~ пошлина;
гербовый сбор;
customs duties таможенные пошлины ~ пошлина ~ тех. работа, производительность, режим (машины) ;
мощность;
duty of water с.-х. гидромодуль ~ служба ~ служебные обязанности;
дежурство;
to take up one’s duties приступить к своим обязанностям ~ функция
~ attr. дежурный;
duty officer амер. воен. дежурный офицер ~ attr. официальный;
duty call официальный визит ~ attr. служебный;
duty journey служебная поездка, командировка
~ attr. официальный;
duty call официальный визит
~ attr. служебный;
duty journey служебная поездка, командировка
~ list воен. график дежурств list: ~ список, перечень, реестр;
инвентарь;
to enter in a list вносить в список;
to make a list составлять список;
duty list расписание дежурств
~ of attendance обязанность присутствовать
~ of care обязанность проявлять внимание ~ of care обязанность соблюдать осторожность
~ of custody обязанность взять на хранение
~ of diligence обязанность проявлять старательность
~ of discovery обязанность предоставлять документы
~ of giving evidence обязанность давать свидетельские показания
~ of loyalty обязанность соблюдать закон
~ of obedience обязанность подчиняться
~ of payment обязанность производить платежи
~ of public consultation обязанность проводить консультации с общественностью
~ of reversion обязанность поворота прав
~ of service воинская обязанность ~ of service служебная обязанность
~ тех. работа, производительность, режим (машины) ;
мощность;
duty of water с.-х. гидромодуль
~ attr. дежурный;
duty officer амер. воен. дежурный офицер officer: duty ~ лицо, собирающее пошлину
~ on capital flows налог на движение капитала ~ on capital flows налог на перелив капитала
~ on consumer loans налог на потребительские ссуды
~ on exports экспортная пошлина
~ on goods in bond сбор с товара, сложенного на таможенном складе до уплаты пошлины
~ on imports and exports пошлина на ввоз и вывоз
~ on shares налог на акции
~ on spirits налог на спиртные напитки
~ to act обязанность действовать
~ to declare обязанность предъявлять вещи, облагаемые пошлиной
~ to deduct обязанность производить удержание
~ to disclose all material facts обязанность сообщать все существенные факты
~ to fence обязанность установить ограждение
~ to file tax returns обязанность представлять налоговую декларацию
~ to give notice обязанность направлять уведомление
~ to inform обязанность сообщать информацию
~ to keep accounts обязанность вести бухгалтерский учет
~ to keep fences in repair обязанность поддерживать ограждение в исправном состоянии
~ to keep secret обязанность хранить тайну
~ to limit damage обязанность ограничивать причиняемый ущерб
~ to live together сем.право обязанность совместного проживания
~ to make statement обязанность делать заявление
~ to mitigate losses обязанность смягчать последствия ущерба
~ to notify обязанность извещать ~ to notify обязанность уведомлять
~ to prove title обязанность подтверждать право
~ to register обязанность проводить регистрацию
~ to save insured property from damage обязанность беречь застрахованное имущество от повреждения
~ to save up обязанность проявлять бережливость
~ to support somebody обязанность содержать кого-либо
estate ~ налог на наследство, наследственная пошлина estate ~ налог на наследство estate: ~ duty налог на наследство
excess profits ~ налог на сверхприбыль
excise ~ акциз, акцизный сбор excise ~ акциз excise ~ акцизный сбор
export ~ экспортная пошлина export: ~ attr. экспортный, вывозной;
export duty экспортная пошлина
external rate of ~ ставка таможенной пошлины
extra ~ дополнительная пошлина extra: ~ добавочный, дополнительный;
extra duty дополнительные обязанности
field ~ служба в действующей армии
financial ~ финансовый сбор
fiscal ~ налог. финансовый сбор
flat-rate excise ~ акцизный сбор с фиксированной ставкой
forest preservation ~ налог на охрану лесов
freedom from ~ освобождение от пошлины
handing over ~ сбор за доставку
~ почтение;
he sends his duty to you он свидетельствует вам свое почтение
import ~ импортная пошлина import ~ таможенная пошлина на ввозимые товары
income tax ~ подоходный налог
inland ~ налог внутри страны
internal customs ~ таможенная пошлина внутри страны
internal ~ внутренний сбор
investment ~ налог на капиталовложения
legacy ~ налог на наследство legacy ~ наследственная пошлина
legal ~ договорная обязанность legal ~ обязанность, налагаемая правом;
правовая обязанность
levy a ~ взимать налог
minimum ~ минимальная пошлина
motor vehicle ~ налог на автотранспортное средство
neglect a ~ не выполнять обязанности
night ~ ночная служба night ~ ночная смена night ~ ночной режим night: night attr. ночной, вечерний;
night duty ночное дежурство;
night and day всегда, непрестанно
nonrecurring ~ разовая пошлина
off ~ вне службы
official ~ служебная обязанность
on active ~ на действительной службе
on ~ на дежурстве;
при исполнении служебных обязанностей;
doctor on duty дежурный врач on ~ на дежурстве on ~ на службе
out of ~ вне службы, в свободное от работы время
pay ~ платить налог pay ~ платить пошлину
petrol ~ налог на нефть
preferential ~ дифференциальная пошлина preferential ~ преференциальный таможенный тариф
production ~ налог на производство
professional ~ профессиональная обязанность
prohibitive ~ запретительная пошлина
prohibitory ~ запретительная пошлина
protective ~ покровительственная пошлина protective ~ протекционистская пошлина
public ~ общественная обязанность public ~ общественный долг
real estate ~ налог на недвижимость
release ~ налог на разблокированную сумму
retaliatory customs ~ карательная таможенная пошлина
revenue ~ фискальная пошлина
royalty ~ лицензионный платеж
sales ~ сбор за продажу sales ~ торговая пошлина
social ~ общественный долг
special ~ специальная пошлина
special excise ~ специальный акцизный сбор
specific ~ производительность на единицу мощности specific ~ специфическая пошлина specific ~ удельная производительность
stamp ~ гербовый сбор
subsidiary ~ дополнительные обязанности
succession ~ налог на наследуемую недвижимость succession: ~ attr.: ~ duty налог на наследство;
the Succession States ист. государства, образовавшиеся после распада Австро-Венгрии
supervisory ~ контрольная обязанность
~ служебные обязанности;
дежурство;
to take up one’s duties приступить к своим обязанностям
tobacco ~ налог на табачные изделия
transfer ~ гербовый сбор при передаче права собственности
transit ~ транзитная пошлина
troop ~ воен. строевая служба
varying ~ вчт. переменный режим

[‘djuːtɪ]

сущ.

1) почтение, уважение, повиновение

Many kisses from all children, and William’s respectful duty. — Дети тебя много раз целуют, и ещё тебе почтительный поклон от Уильяма.

Syn:

2) налог, пошлина, гербовый сбор

3) долг, обязательство

to do smth. out of a sense of duty — делать что-л. из чувства долга

Syn:

4) служебные обязанности; дежурство

to do / carry out / discharge / perform one’s duties — выполнять свои обязанности

on duty — на дежурстве; при исполнении служебных обязанностей

off duty — не на дежурстве; в свободное от работы время

I went on writing till my fingers were numb and my eyes refused to do their duty. — Я продолжал писать до тех пор, пока мои пальцы не онемели, а глаза не перестали видеть.

Syn:

He did Sunday duty in a neighbouring parish. — Он проводил воскресную службу в соседнем приходе.

••

— do duty for smth.

сущ.

ATTRIBUTES:

ethical [moral] duty — моральный долг

COMBS:

breach of duty — невыполнение [нарушение] обязательств [обязанностей]

in duty bound, in bounden duty — из чувства долга, по долгу службы

Syn:

See:

2)

ATTRIBUTES:

day duty — повседневные [ежедневные] обязанности

to execute [carry out, discharge, do, perform] one’s duty — исполнять обязанности

See:

ATTRIBUTES:

night duty — ночное дежурство; выполнение служебных обязанностей в ночное время

COMBS:

on duty — на дежурстве; при исполнении служебных обязанностей

out of duty — вне службы, в свободное от работы время

See:

ATTRIBUTES:

ministerial [clerical] duty — церковная служба

COMBS:

duty on imports [exports] — пошлина на импортные [экспортные] товары

See:

to pay one’s duty to smb. — оказывать почтение кому-л.

5)

* * *

налог; сбор; таможенная пошлина;

customs duty;

* * *

1. Олимпийская идентификационная и аккредитационная карточка (ОИАК)

[‘djuːtɪ]

n

— public duty

— professional duty
— sacret duty
— father’s duty
— woman’s natural duty as wife
— one’s imperative duty
— sea duty
— duty of parents

— strong sense of duty
— in duty bound
— from a sense of duty
— be true to one’s duty
— do one’s maternal duty
— do one’s full duty to the country
— find it one’s duty
— think it one’s duty

2) обязанность, деятельность, функция

— numerous duties
— pleasant duty
— smb’s double duty
— main duty
— numerous and urgent duties
— one’s basic duties
— policeman’s duty
— pressing duty
— duty call
— duty list
— duty officer
— duties of an officer of the day
— duties of office
— first duty of education
— neglect of duty
— operator on duty
— soldier on active duty
— in duty status
— off duty
— be off duty
— be on duty
— be bound in duty to do smth
— desert one’s duty
— be on active duty
— be on day duty
— be on guard duty
— be on ground duty
— be on patrol duty
— be on picket duty
— be on sentry duty
— carry out the duties of head of delegation
— be discharged from one’s duties
— commence one’s duties
— neglect one’s duties
— shirk one’s duties
— lay aside one’s duties
— discharge one’s duties with great skill
— do double duty
— do duty for smb
— do duty
— do duty as an executive
— fail in one’s duty
— go about one’s duties
— report for duty
— enter into one’s duties
— resume one’s duties
— return to teaching duties
— shift a duty on someone else
— take smb’s duties
— undertake over assume to carry out escape the duties of a chairman

3) пошлина, сбор, налог

— heavy duty

— customs duty
— stamp duty
— death duty
— tariff duties
— entertainments duty
— duty on foreign goods
— abolish the duty on cotton
— be subject to customs duty
— be free of duty
— impose heavy duties
— pay income duty

•

USAGE:

(1.) Существительное duty 2. чаще употребляется в форме множественного числа: to go about one’s duties заняться своими делами; to take smb‘s duties выполнять чьи-либо обязанности; to neglect one’s duties халатно относиться к своим обязанностям. (2.) Предложные сочетания to be on/off duty обычно используются в сферах постоянных служб: армии, больницах, полиции, постоянно действующих систем обслуживания — быть на посту, нести дежурство/вахту: it was the same nurse that had been on duty at the time of the accident это была та же сестра, которая дежурила во время аварии; she’ll be off duty at noon она окончит дежурство (сдаст дежурство) в полдень. Не рекомендуется употреблять в школьной ситуации в значении «дежурить, быть дежурным». Вместо этого можно использовать существительное duty в конструкции: who’s duty is it (to bring the books)? кто должен (принести книги)?

[ˈdju:tɪ]

ad valorem duty пошлина, пропорциональная стоимости товара ad valorem duty пошлина «ад валорем»; стоимостный тариф additional duty дополнительная обязанность additional duty дополнительный сбор alcohol excise duty акцизный сбор за продажу алкогольных напитков allotment duty распределительный налог antidumping duty антидемпинговая пошлина back duty дополнительный сбор basic duty основной сбор betting duty тотализаторный налог capital duty налог на капитал civic duty гражданская обязанность civic duty гражданский долг compensatory duty копенсационная пошлина (ЕЭС) consumer loan duty налог на потребительскую ссуду consumer loan interest duty налог на проценты потребительской ссуды contingent duty условная обязанность contract stamp duty сбор за биржевую печать countervailing duty эк. компенсационная пошлина countervailing duty компенсационная таможенная пошлина customs duty таможенная пошлина customs duty таможенный сбор day duty повседневные обязанности differential duty дифференциальная пошлина duty долг, обязанность; to do one’s duty исполнять свой долг on duty на дежурстве; при исполнении служебных обязанностей; doctor on duty дежурный врач donation duty налог на дарение duty вахта duty гербовый сбор duty дежурство duty долг, обязанность; to do one’s duty исполнять свой долг duty задание duty задача duty моральное обязательство duty налог duty обязанность duty поручение duty почтение; he sends his duty to you он свидетельствует вам свое почтение duty пошлина; гербовый сбор; customs duties таможенные пошлины duty пошлина duty тех. работа, производительность, режим (машины); мощность; duty of water с.-х. гидромодуль duty служба duty служебные обязанности; дежурство; to take up one’s duties приступить к своим обязанностям duty функция duty attr. дежурный; duty officer амер. воен. дежурный офицер duty attr. официальный; duty call официальный визит duty attr. служебный; duty journey служебная поездка, командировка duty attr. официальный; duty call официальный визит duty attr. служебный; duty journey служебная поездка, командировка duty list воен. график дежурств list: duty список, перечень, реестр; инвентарь; to enter in a list вносить в список; to make a list составлять список; duty list расписание дежурств duty of attendance обязанность присутствовать duty of care обязанность проявлять внимание duty of care обязанность соблюдать осторожность duty of custody обязанность взять на хранение duty of diligence обязанность проявлять старательность duty of discovery обязанность предоставлять документы duty of giving evidence обязанность давать свидетельские показания duty of loyalty обязанность соблюдать закон duty of obedience обязанность подчиняться duty of payment обязанность производить платежи duty of public consultation обязанность проводить консультации с общественностью duty of reversion обязанность поворота прав duty of service воинская обязанность duty of service служебная обязанность duty тех. работа, производительность, режим (машины); мощность; duty of water с.-х. гидромодуль duty attr. дежурный; duty officer амер. воен. дежурный офицер officer: duty duty лицо, собирающее пошлину duty on capital flows налог на движение капитала duty on capital flows налог на перелив капитала duty on consumer loans налог на потребительские ссуды duty on exports экспортная пошлина duty on goods in bond сбор с товара, сложенного на таможенном складе до уплаты пошлины duty on imports and exports пошлина на ввоз и вывоз duty on shares налог на акции duty on spirits налог на спиртные напитки duty to act обязанность действовать duty to declare обязанность предъявлять вещи, облагаемые пошлиной duty to deduct обязанность производить удержание duty to disclose all material facts обязанность сообщать все существенные факты duty to fence обязанность установить ограждение duty to file tax returns обязанность представлять налоговую декларацию duty to give notice обязанность направлять уведомление duty to inform обязанность сообщать информацию duty to keep accounts обязанность вести бухгалтерский учет duty to keep fences in repair обязанность поддерживать ограждение в исправном состоянии duty to keep secret обязанность хранить тайну duty to limit damage обязанность ограничивать причиняемый ущерб duty to live together сем.право обязанность совместного проживания duty to make statement обязанность делать заявление duty to mitigate losses обязанность смягчать последствия ущерба duty to notify обязанность извещать duty to notify обязанность уведомлять duty to prove title обязанность подтверждать право duty to register обязанность проводить регистрацию duty to save insured property from damage обязанность беречь застрахованное имущество от повреждения duty to save up обязанность проявлять бережливость duty to support somebody обязанность содержать кого-либо estate duty налог на наследство, наследственная пошлина estate duty налог на наследство estate: duty duty налог на наследство excess profits duty налог на сверхприбыль excise duty акциз, акцизный сбор excise duty акциз excise duty акцизный сбор export duty экспортная пошлина export: duty attr. экспортный, вывозной; export duty экспортная пошлина external rate of duty ставка таможенной пошлины extra duty дополнительная пошлина extra: duty добавочный, дополнительный; extra duty дополнительные обязанности field duty служба в действующей армии financial duty финансовый сбор fiscal duty налог. финансовый сбор flat-rate excise duty акцизный сбор с фиксированной ставкой forest preservation duty налог на охрану лесов freedom from duty освобождение от пошлины handing over duty сбор за доставку duty почтение; he sends his duty to you он свидетельствует вам свое почтение import duty импортная пошлина import duty таможенная пошлина на ввозимые товары income tax duty подоходный налог inland duty налог внутри страны internal customs duty таможенная пошлина внутри страны internal duty внутренний сбор investment duty налог на капиталовложения legacy duty налог на наследство legacy duty наследственная пошлина legal duty договорная обязанность legal duty обязанность, налагаемая правом; правовая обязанность levy a duty взимать налог minimum duty минимальная пошлина motor vehicle duty налог на автотранспортное средство neglect a duty не выполнять обязанности night duty ночная служба night duty ночная смена night duty ночной режим night: night attr. ночной, вечерний; night duty ночное дежурство; night and day всегда, непрестанно nonrecurring duty разовая пошлина off duty вне службы official duty служебная обязанность on active duty на действительной службе on duty на дежурстве; при исполнении служебных обязанностей; doctor on duty дежурный врач on duty на дежурстве on duty на службе out of duty вне службы, в свободное от работы время pay duty платить налог pay duty платить пошлину petrol duty налог на нефть preferential duty дифференциальная пошлина preferential duty преференциальный таможенный тариф production duty налог на производство professional duty профессиональная обязанность prohibitive duty запретительная пошлина prohibitory duty запретительная пошлина protective duty покровительственная пошлина protective duty протекционистская пошлина public duty общественная обязанность public duty общественный долг real estate duty налог на недвижимость release duty налог на разблокированную сумму retaliatory customs duty карательная таможенная пошлина revenue duty фискальная пошлина royalty duty лицензионный платеж sales duty сбор за продажу sales duty торговая пошлина social duty общественный долг special duty специальная пошлина special excise duty специальный акцизный сбор specific duty производительность на единицу мощности specific duty специфическая пошлина specific duty удельная производительность stamp duty гербовый сбор subsidiary duty дополнительные обязанности succession duty налог на наследуемую недвижимость succession: duty attr.: duty duty налог на наследство; the Succession States ист. государства, образовавшиеся после распада Австро-Венгрии supervisory duty контрольная обязанность duty служебные обязанности; дежурство; to take up one’s duties приступить к своим обязанностям tobacco duty налог на табачные изделия transfer duty гербовый сбор при передаче права собственности transit duty транзитная пошлина troop duty воен. строевая служба varying duty вчт. переменный режим

офицер; должностное лицо; сотрудник; укомплектовывать офицерским составом; командовать

Air officer, Training, RAF Support Command — начальник управления подготовки ЛС командования тыла ВВС

Flag officer, Germany — командующий ВМС ФРГ

General officer Commanding, the Artillery Division — командир артиллерийской дивизии (БРА)

officer, responsible for the exercise — офицер, ответственный за учение (ВМС)

senior officer, present — старший из присутствующих начальников

The Dental officer, US Marine Corps — начальник зубоврачебной службы МП США

The Medical officer, US Marine Corps — начальник медицинской службы МП США

— burial supervising officer

— company grade officer

— education services officer

— field services officer

— fire prevention officer

— general duty officer

— information activities officer

— logistics readiness officer

— regular commissioned officer

— security control officer

— supply management officer

— transportation officer

— water supply officer

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сущ.

1)

gift buyer — покупатель подарков, даритель

buyer for Peruvian crafts: ponchos, sweaters, jackets — покупатель перуанских изделий: пончо, свитеров, курток

Government hoping for domestic buyer for Telecom Italia. — Правительственные упования на отечественного покупателя компании Telecom Italia.

a buyer from Filmways Inc. — покупатель из компании Filmways Inc.

Syn:

See:

See:

Syn:

See:

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покупатель: лицо, совершающее покупку товара, услуг, финансового инструмента;

=

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покупатель; приобретатель; закупщик

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1. работник отдела снабжения промышленной или торговой фирмы, ведающий закупками объект воздействия рекламы товаров промышленного назначения

2. служащий отдела по работе со средствами распространения рекламы рекламного агентства, занимающийся покупкой эфирного времени или места в органах печати

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The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.

The UK’s public spending framework is based on several key principles:

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consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;

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the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;

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strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and

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the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.

The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:

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the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and

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the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.

Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.

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Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.

More information about DEL and AME is set out below.

In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government’s fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.

To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.

Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.

Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.

There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.

AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.

AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.

AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government’s fiscal rules.

Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.

Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.

Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.

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Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.

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Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:

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Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and

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The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.

The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.

The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government’s objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government’s key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.

Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.

The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:

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provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;

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enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;

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introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and

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not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 — set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.

To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.

A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:

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an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;

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an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;

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to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with

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further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.

The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.

Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.

The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.

Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.

To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department’s plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department’s existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.

This document was updated on 19 December 2005.

Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money

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GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.

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постоянный посол

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An ordinary ambassador is charged with the duties of heading a permanent diplomatic mission and maintaining relations between his home and his host country and to conduct relations on an equal basis with other nations. An Extraordinary Ambassador is appointed to head some particular mission for a particular purpose and such postings are for an indefinite period lasting till the completion of the mission. Such appointments are generally politically initiated.

A resident ambassador resides within the political boundaries of the country to which he/she is posted while a non-resident ambassador does not live within the country of his/her posting but lives in a neighboring country. Therefore, a resident ambassador of US in India may at the same time be a non-resident ambassador of other countries of the sub-continent. Ambassadors are deemed representatives of their heads of state to the heads of state of their place of posting and not representative of one state government to another state government. This is a practice that has persisted ever since the ambassadorial post was created. Only high commissioners (since once they shared their heads of state) are deemed to represent their governments.

It may sometimes transpire that the post of ambassador is handed out to a person as a matter of routine transfer or promotion within the country in the ministry of foreign affairs as furtherance to their careers.

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An ambassador, rarely embassador, is a diplomatic official accredited to a foreign sovereign or government, or to an international organization, to serve as the official representative of his or her own country. In everyday usage it applies to the ranking plenipotentiary minister stationed in a foreign capital. The host country typically allows the ambassador control of specific territory called an embassy, whose territory, staff, and even vehicles are generally afforded diplomatic immunity from most laws of the host country. The senior diplomatic officers among members of the Commonwealth of Nations are known as High Commissioners, who are the heads of High Commissions. Representatives of the Holy See are known as Papal or Apostolic Nuncios, while the head of a Libyan People’s Bureau is a Secretary. Historically, officials representing their countries abroad were termed ministers, but this term was also applied to diplomats of the second rank. The Congress of Vienna of 1815 formalized the system of diplomatic rank under international law: Ambassadors are ministers of the highest rank, with plenipotentiary authority to represent their head of state. An Ordinary Ambassador is one heading a permanent diplomatic mission, for instance the senior professional diplomat in an embassy. An Extraordinary Ambassador could be appointed for special purposes or for an indefinite term; politically appointed ambassadors would fall under this category. Moreover, a Resident Ambassador is one who resides within the country to which s/he is accredited. A Non-Resident Ambassador is one who does not reside within the country to which s/he is accredited, but lives in a nearby country. Thus a resident ambassador to a country might at the same time also be a non-resident ambassador to several other countries.

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