Синоним сердечная недостаточность

• О нас
• Словарь антонимов
• Словарь паронимов
• Словарь ударений
• Словарь морфологии
• Словари
• Регистрация
• Вход

Можно найти больше синонимов, нажимая на слова.

Частое повторение одинаковых слов (тавтология) делает речь скучной и однообразной. Спасти положение могут синонимы. Это слова, близкие по смыслу, но разные по звучанию. Используйте их, и ваши тексты станут ярче.

Если вам нужно подобрать синонимы к слову «сердечная недостаточность», вы попали по адресу. Мы постарались собрать все близкие по значению слова и словосочетания на этой странице и сделать доступными для использования. В русском языке в качестве синонимов к слову чаще всего используются: сердечный приступ. Всего в словаре 1 синонимов.

Слово «сердечная недостаточность» имеет как синонимы, так и антонимы. Они диаметрально противоположны по значению, но относятся к той же лексической группе и выполняют похожие функции в предложении.

Если вы часто ищите, чем заменить слово, добавьте synonyms.su в закладки. Это поможет сэкономить время и силы, избежать нелепых ошибок.

Рейтинг слова «сердечная недостаточность» :
00

Страница обновлена: 27.07.2019

Другие слова на букву с

Синонимы к словам и словосочетаниям на букву:

• Средняя частота слова «сердечная недостаточность» 14. Количество букв: 24.
• Искалась форма слова «сердечная недостаточность»
• Поиск «сердечная недостаточность» занял 0.008 сек.
• Добавьте synonyms.su в закладки ( нажав Ctrl+D ), чтобы найти Синонимы.

Вверх ↑

Серде́чная недоста́точность — клинический синдром, связанный с острым или хроническим нарушением работы сердца и, вследствие этого, недостаточным кровоснабжением органов и тканей. Первопричиной является ухудшение способности сердца к наполнению или опорожнению, обусловленное повреждением миокарда.

Все значения словосочетания «сердечная недостаточность»

• недостаточность
• сердце
• (ещё ассоциации…)

• Разбор по составу слова «сердечный»

• Как правильно пишется слово «сердечный»
• Как правильно пишется слово «недостаточность»

1. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic
   heart failure 2008. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of
   Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of
   Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure
   Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society on
   Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur J HeartFail. 2008;10 (10):933–989.

2. Фомин И. В. Артериальная гипертония в Российской Федерации –
   последние 10 лет. Что дальше? Сердце. 2007;6 (3):1–6.

3. Фомин И. В. Эпидемиология хронической сердечной недостаточности в
   Российской Федерации. В кн.: Хроническая сердечная недостаточность
   [Агеев Ф. Т. и соавт.] – М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2010. – c. 7–77.

4. Cleland J.G., Swedberg K., Follath F. et al. The EuroHeart Failure
   survey programme a survey on the quality of care among patients with
   heart failure in Europe. Part 1: patient characteristics and diagnosis.
   Eur Heart J. 2003;24 (5):442–463.

5. Lam C.S.P., Solomon S.D. The middle child in heart failure: heart
   failure with mid-range ejection fraction (40–50%). Eur J Heart Fail
   2014;16:1049–1055.

6. Щербинина Е.В., Бадин Ю.В., Вайсберг А.Р., и.др. Динамика
   этиологических причин формирования ХСН в репрезентативной выборке
   Нижегородской области за 9 лет наблюдения (1998–2007 гг.). Всероссийская
   конференция ОССН: «Сердечная недостаточность, 2007 год» – М., 2007. – с.
   38.

7. Фомин И. В., Бадин Ю. В., Егорова И. С., Щербинина Е. В. Гендерные
   различия в распространенности сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (данные
   когортного исследования репрезентативной выборки Нижегородской области
   1998–2002 гг.). Проблемы женского здоровья. 2006;1 (1):37–40.

8. Ho K.K., Pinsky J.L., Kannel W.B., Levy D. The epidemiology of heart
   failure: the Framingham Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22(4 Suppl
   A):6A-13A.

9. Owan T.E.,Hodge D.O.,Herges R.M.,Jacobsen S.J.,Roger V.L.,Redfield
   M.M. Trends in prevalence and outcome of heart failure with preserved
   ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2006;355:251–259.

10. Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). The
    survival of patients with heart failure with preserved or reduced left
    ventricular ejection fraction: an individual patient data meta-analysis.
    Eur Heart J2012;33:1750–1757.

11. Hogg K., Swedberg K., McMurray J. Heart Failure with preserved left
    ventricular systolic function. Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics,
    and Prognosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43 (3):317–327.

12. АгеевФ. Т.
    Влияниесовременныхмедикаментозныхсредствнатечениезаболевания
    «качествожизни» ипрогнозбольныхсразличнымистадиями хронической сердечной
    недостаточности. Автореф. Дисс. Докт., Москва, 1997.

13. Терещенко С.Н., Жиров И.В., Нарусов О.Ю., Мареев Ю.В., Затейщиков
    Д.А., Осмоловская Ю.Ф., Овчинников А.Г., Самко А.Н., Насонова С.Н.,
    Стукалова О.В., Саидова М.А., Скворцов А.А., Шария М.А., Явелов И.С.
    Диагностика и лечение хронической и острой сердечной недостаточности.
    Кардиологическийвестник, 2016; № 2:3-33.

14. McMurray J. Clinical practice. Systolic heart failure. N Engl J Med.
    2010;362 (3):228–238.

15. Chen J., Normand S.L., Wang Y., Krumholz H.M. National and regional
    trends in heart failure hospitalization and mortality rates for Medicare
    beneficiaries, 1998–2008. JAMA. 2011;306 (15):1669–1678.

16. Dunlay S.M., Redfield M.M., Weston S.A. et al. Hospitalizations
    after heart failure diagnosis a community perspective. J Am Coll
    Cardiol. 2009;54 (18):1695–1702.

17. Senni M., Gavazzi A., Oliva F., at al. In-hospital and 1-year
    outcomes of acute heart failure patients according to presentation (de
    novo vs. worsening) and ejection fraction. Results from IN-HF Outcome
    Registry. Intern J Cardiol 2014;173:163-9.

18. Cowie M.R., Fox K.F., Wood D.A. et al. Hospitalization of patients
    with heart failure: a population-based study. Eur Heart J. 2002;23
    (11):877–885.

19. McAlister F.A., Teo K.K., Taher M. et al. Insights into the
    contemporary epidemiology and outpatient management of congestive heart
    failure. Am Heart J. 1999;138 (1 Pt 1):87–94.

20. Беленков Ю.Н., Овчинников А.Г., Агеев Ф.Т., Сербул В.М.
    Гипертрофия левого
    желудочка: роль ренин-ангиотензиновой системы. Кардиоваскулярная
    терапия и профилактика 2008; №2:98-108.

21. Овчинников А.Г., Агеев Ф.Т., Свирида О.Н.
    Патогенетический подход
    к терапии пациентов с хронической сердечной недостаточностью и
    сохраненной систолической функцией левого желудочка. Кардиологический
    вестник 2011;№1: 33-39.

22. Pocock S.J., Wang D., Pfeffer M.A. et al. Predictors of mortality
    and morbidity in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J.
    2006;27 (1):65–75.

23. Komajda M., Carson P.E., Hetzel S. et al. Factors associated with
    outcome in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: findings from
    the Irbesartan in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Study
    (I-PRESERVE). Circ Heart Fail. 2011;4 (1):27–35.

24. Ketchum E.S., Levy W.C. Establishing prognosis in heart failure: |
    multimarker approach. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;54 (2):86–96.

25. Ho K.K., Anderson K.M., Kannel W.B. et al. Survival after the onset
    of congestive heart failure in Framingham Heart Study
    subjects.Circulation. 1993;88 (1):107–115.

26. Даниелян М. О. Прогноз и лечение хронической сердечной
    недостаточности (данные 20-и летнего наблюдения). Автореф. дис. канд.
    мед.наук. Москва. 2001.

27. Бадин Ю. В., Фомин И. В. Выживаемость больных ХСН в когортной
    выборке Нижегородской области (данные 1998–2002 годов.). Всероссийская
    конференция ОССН: «Сердечная недостаточность, 2005 год» – М., 2005. – с.
    31–32.

28. WedelH., McMurrayJ.J., LindbergMetal. Predictors of fatal and
    non-fatal outcomes in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in
    Heart Failure (CORONA): incremental value of apolipoprotein A-1,
    high-sensitivity C-reactive peptide and N-terminal proB-type natriuretic
    peptide. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11 (3):281–291.

29. Allen L.A., Felker G.M., Pocock S. et al. Liver function
    abnormalities and outcome in patients with chronic heart failure: dat|
    from the Candesartan in Heart Failure: Assessment of Reduction in
    Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM) program. Eur J Heart Fail. 2009;11
    (2):170–177.

30. Jackson C.E., Solomon S.D., Gerstein H.C. et al. Albuminuria in
    chronic heart failure: prevalence and prognostic importance. Lancet
    2009;374 (9689):543–550.

31. Felker G.M., Allen L.A., Pocock S.J. et al. Red cell distribution
    width as a novel prognostic marker in heart failure: data from the CHARM
    Program and the Duke Databank. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50(1):40–47.

32. БеленковЮ. Н., ФоминИ. В., МареевВ. Ю. идр.
    ПервыерезультатыРоссийскогоэпидемиологического исследования по
    ХСН.Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность 2003;4 (1):26–30.

33. Агеев Ф. Т., Даниелян М. О., Мареев В. Ю. и др. Больные с
    хронической сердечной недостаточностью в российской амбулаторной
    практике: особенности контингента, диагностики и лечения (по материалам
    исследования ЭПОХА–О–ХСН). Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность 2004;5
    (1):4–7.

34. Агеев Ф. Т., Беленков Ю. Н., Фомин И. В. и др. Распространенность
    хронической сердечной недостаточности в Европейской части Российской
    Федерации – данные ЭПОХА–ХСН. Журнал Сердечная Недостаточность 2006;7
    (1): 112–115.

35. Davie P., Francis C.M., Caruana L., Sutherland G.R., McMurray J.J.
    Assessing diagnosis in heart failure: which features are any use? QJM
    1997;90:335–339.

36. Mant J., Doust J., Roalfe A., Barton P., Cowie M.R., Glasziou P.,
    Mant D., McManus R.J., Holder R., Deeks J., Fletcher K., Qume M.,
    Sohanpal S., Sanders S., Hobbs FDR. Systematic review and individual
    patient data meta-analysis of diagnosis of heart failure, with modelling
    of implications of different diagnostic strategies in primary care.
    Health Technol Assess 2009;13:1–207, iii.

37. Oudejans I., Mosterd A., Bloemen J.A., Valk M.J., Van Velzen E.,
    Wielders J.P., Zuithoff N.P., Rutten F.H., Hoes A.W. Clinical evaluation
    of geriatric outpatients with suspected heart failure: value of
    symptoms, signs, and additional tests. Eur J Heart Fail 2011;13:518–527.

38. Fonseca C. Diagnosis of heart failure in primary care. Heart Fail
    Rev 2006;11:95–107.

39. Kelder J.C., Cramer M.J., van Wijngaarden J., van Tooren R., Mosterd
    A., Moons KGM, Lammers J.W., Cowie M.R., Grobbee D.E., Hoes A.W. The
    diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in
    primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation
    2011;124:2865–2873.

40. Roberts E., Ludman A.J., Dworzynski K., Al-Mohammad A., Cowie M.R.,
    McMurray J.J.V., Mant J. The diagnostic accuracy of the natriuretic
    peptides in heart failure: systematic review and diagnostic
    meta-analysis in the acute care setting. BMJ 2015;350:h910.

41. Zaphiriou A., Robb S., Murray-Thomas T., Mendez G., Fox K., McDonagh
    T., Hardman S.M.C., Dargie H.J., Cowie M.R. The diagnostic accuracy of
    plasma BNP and NTproBNP in patients referred from primary care with
    suspected heart failure: results of the UK natriuretic peptide study.
    Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7:537–541.

42. Fuat A., Murphy J.J., Hungin A.P.S., Curry J., Mehrzad A.A.,
    Hetherington A., Johnston J.I., Smellie W.S.A., Duffy V., Cawley P. The
    diagnostic accuracy and utility of a B-type natriuretic peptide test in
    a community population of patients with suspected heart failure. Br J
    Gen Pract 2006;56:327–333.

43. Yamamoto K., Burnett J.C., Bermudez E.A., Jougasaki M., Bailey K.R.,
    Redfield M.M. Clinical criteria and biochemical markers for the
    detection of systolic dysfunction. J Card Fail 2000;6:194–200.

44. Cowie M.R., Struthers A.D., Wood D.A., Coats A.J., Thompson S.G.,
    Poole-Wilson P.A., Sutton G.C. Value of natriuretic peptides in
    assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care.
    Lancet 1997;350:1349–1353.

45. Krishnaswamy P., Lubien E., Clopton P., Koon J., Kazanegra R.,
    Wanner E., Gardetto N., Garcia A., DeMaria A., Maisel A.S. Utility of
    B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left
    ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med
    2001;111:274–279.

46. Kelder J.C., Cramer M.J., Verweij W.M., Grobbee D.E., Hoes
    A.W.Clinical utility of three B-type natriuretic peptide assays for the
    initial diagnostic assessment of new slow-onset heart failure. JCardFail
    2011;17:729–734

47. van Riet E.E.S., Hoes A.W., Limburg A., Landman M.A.J., van der
    Hoeven H., Rutten F.H. Prevalence of unrecognized heart failure in older
    persons with shortness ofbreath on exertion. Eur J Heart Fail
    2014;16:772–777.

48. Kelder J.C., Cramer M.J., van Wijngaarden J., van Tooren R., Mosterd
    A., Moons K.G.M., Lammers J.W., Cowie M.R., Grobbee D.E., Hoes A.W. The
    diagnostic value of physical examination and additional testing in
    primary care patients with suspected heart failure. Circulation
    2011;124:2865–2873.

49. Davie A.P., Francis C.M., Love M.P., Caruana L., Starkey I.R., Shaw
    T.R., Sutherland G.R., McMurray J.J. Value of the electrocardiogram in
    identifying heart failure due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
    BMJ 1996;312:222.

50. Thomas J.T., Kelly R.F., Thomas S.J., Stamos T.D., Albasha K.,
    Parrillo J.E., Calvin J.E. Utility of history, physical examination,
    electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph for differentiating normal from
    decreased systolic function in patients with heart failure.Am J Med
    2002;112:437–445.

51. Paulus W.J., Tschope C., Sanderson J.E., Rusconi C., Flachskampf
    F.A., Rademakers F.E., Marino P., Smiseth O.A., De Keulenaer G.,
    Leite-Moreira A.F., Borbely A., Edes I.,Handoko M.L., Heymans S.,
    Pezzali N., Pieske B., Dickstein K., Fraser A.G.,Brutsaert D.L. How to
    diagnose diastolic heart failure: a consensus statement on the diagnosis
    of heart failure with normal left ventricular ejection fraction by the
    Heart Failure and Echocardiography Associations of the European Society
    of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2007;28:2539–2550.

52. Marwick T.H., Raman S.V., Carrio´ I., Bax J.J. Recent developments
    in heart failure imaging. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:429–439.

53. Dokainish H., Nguyen J.S., Bobek J., Goswami R., Lakkis N.M.
    Assessment of the American Society of Echocardiography-European
    Association of Echocardiography guidelines for diastolic function in
    patients with depressed ejection fraction: an echocardiographic and
    invasive haemodynamic study. Eur J Echocardiogr 2011; 12:857–864.

54. Kirkpatrick J.N., Vannan M.A., Narula J., Lang R.M. Echocardiography
    in heart failure: applications, utility, and new horizons. J Am Coll
    Cardiol 2007;50:381–396.

55. Nagueh S.F., Bhatt R., Vivo R.P., Krim S.R., Sarvari S.I., Russell
    K., Edvardsen T., Smiseth O.A., Estep J.D. Echocardiographic evaluation
    of hemodynamics in patients with decompensated systolic heart failure.
    Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2011;4: 220–227.

56. Caballero L., Kou S., Dulgheru R., Gonjilashvili N., Athanassopoulos
    G.D., Barone D., Baroni M., Cardim N., Gomez de Diego J.J., Oliva M.J.,
    Hagendorff A., Hristova K., Lopez T., Magne J., Martinez C., de l|
    Morena G., Popescu B.A., Penicka M.,Ozyigit T., Rodrigo Carbonero J.D.,
    Salustri A., Van De Veire N., Von Bardeleben R.S., Vinereanu D., Voigt
    J-U, Zamorano J.L., Bernard A., Donal E., Lang R.M., Badano L.P.,
    Lancellotti P. Echocardiographic reference ranges for normal cardiac
    Doppler data: results from the NORRE Study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc
    Imaging 2015;16:1031–1041.

57. Garbi M., McDonagh T., Cosyns B., Bucciarelli-Ducci C., Edvardsen
    T., Kitsiou A., Nieman K., Lancellotti P. Appropriateness criteria for
    cardiovascular imaging use in heart failure: report of literature
    review. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16: 147–153.

58. Lang R.M., Badano L.P., Mor-Avi V., Afilalo J., Armstrong A.,
    Ernande L., Flachskampf F.A., Foster E., Goldstein S.A., Kuznetsova T.,
    Lancellotti P., Muraru D., Picard M.H., Rietzschel E.R., Rudski L.,
    Spencer K.T., TsangW., Voigt J-U. Recommendations for cardiac chamber
    quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the
    American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of
    Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 2015;16: 233–270.

59. Gimelli A., Lancellotti P., Badano L.P., Lombardi M., Gerber B.,
    Plein S., Neglia D., Edvardsen T., Kitsiou A., Scholte AJHA, Schroder
    S., Cosyns B., Gargiulo P., Zamorano J.L., Perrone-Filardi P.
    Non-invasive cardiac imaging evaluation of patients with chronic
    systolic heart failure: a report from the European Association of
    Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI). Eur Heart J 2014;35:3417–3425.

60. Voigt J-U, Pedrizzetti G., Lysyansky P., Marwick T.H., Houle H.,
    Baumann R., Pedri S., Ito Y., Abe Y., Metz S., Song J.H., Hamilton J.,
    Sengupta P.P., Kolias T.J., d’Hooge J., Aurigemma G.P., Thomas J.D.,
    Badano L.P. Definitions for a common standard for 2D speckle tracking
    echocardiography: consensus document of the EACVI/ ASE/Industry Task
    Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur.HeartJ. Cardiovasc.
    Imaging 2015;16:1–11.

61. Cohen G.I., Pietrolungo J.F., Thomas J.D., Klein A.L. A practical
    guide to assessment of ventricular diastolic function using Doppler
    echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;27:1753–1760.

62. Gilman G., Nelson T.A., Hansen W.H., Khandheria B.K., Ommen S.R.
    Diastolic function:a sonographer’s approach to the essential
    echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular diastolic function. J
    Am Soc Echocardiogr 2007;20:199–209.

63. Nagueh S.F., Appleton C.P., Gillebert T.C., Marino P.N., Oh J.K.,
    Smiseth O.A.,Waggoner A.D., Flachskampf F.A., Pellikka P.A., Evangelis|

    1. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic
       function by echocardiography. Eur J Echocardiogr 2009;10:165–193.

64. Nishimura R.A., Appleton C.P., RedfieldM.M., Ilstrup D.M., Holmes
    D.R., Tajik A.J. Noninvasive doppler echocardiographic evaluation of
    left ventricular filling pressures in patients with cardiomyopathies: |
    simultaneous Doppler echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization
    study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1226–1233.

65. Ommen S.R., Nishimura R.A., Appleton C.P., Miller F.A., Oh J.K.,
    Redfield M.M., Tajik A.J. Clinical utility of Doppler echocardiography
    and tissue doppler imaging in the estimation of left ventricular filling
    pressures: a comparative simultaneous Dopplercatheterization study.
    Circulation 2000;102:1788–1794

66. HawkinsN.M., Petrie M.C., Jhund P.S., ChalmersG.W., Dunn F.G.,
    McMurray J.J.V. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease:
    diagnostic pitfalls and epidemiology. Eur J Heart Fail 2009;11:130–139.

67. Thomas J.T., Kelly R.F., Thomas S.J., Stamos T.D., Albasha K.,
    Parrillo J.E., Calvin J.E. Utility of history, physical examination,
    electrocardiogram, and chest radiograph for differentiating normal from
    decreased systolic function in patients with heart failure.Am J Med
    2002;112:437–445.

68. Windecker S., Kolh P., Alfonso F., Collet J-P., Cremer J., Falk. V,
    Filippatos G., Hamm C., Head S.J., Juni P., Kappetein A.P., Kastrati A.,
    Knuuti J., Landmesser U., Laufer G., Neumann F-J., Richter D.J.,
    Schauerte P., Sousa Uva M., Stefanini G.G., Taggart D.P., Torracca L.,
    Valgimigli M., Wijns W. 2014 ESC/EACTS Guidelines on myocardial
    revascularization: the Task Force on Myocardial Revascularization of the
    European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for
    Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Developed with the special contribution
    of the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions
    (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 2014;35:2541–2619.

69. Montalescot G., Sechtem U., Achenbach S., Andreotti F., Arden C.,
    Budaj A., Bugiardini R., Crea F., Cuisset T., Di Mario C., Ferreir|
    J.R., Gersh B.J., Gitt A.K., Hulot J-S., Marx N., Opie L.H., Pfisterer
    M., Prescott E., Ruschitzka F., Sabate´ M., Senior R., Taggart D.P., van
    der Wall E.E., Vrints C.J.M., Zamorano J.L.,Baumgartner H., Bax J.J.,
    Bueno H., Dean V., Deaton C., Erol C., Fagard R., Ferrari R., Hasdai D.,
    Hoes A.W., Kirchhof P., Knuuti J., Kolh P., Lancellotti P.,Linhart A.,
    Nihoyannopoulos P., Piepoli M.F., Ponikowski P., Sirnes P.A., Tamargo
    J.L., Tendera M., Torbicki A., Wijns W., Windecker S., Valgimigli
    M.,Claeys M.J., Donner-Banzhoff N., Frank H., Funck-Brentano C.,
    Gaemperli O., Gonzalez-Juanatey J.R., Hamilos M., Husted S., James S.K.,
    Kervinen K.,Kristensen S.D., Maggioni A. Pietro, Pries A.R., Romeo F.,
    Ryde´n L., Simoons M.L., Steg P.G., Timmis A., Yildirir A. 2013 ESC
    guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease. Eur
    Heart J 2013;34:2949–3003.

70. Roffi M., Patrono C., Collet J-P., Mueller C., Valgimigli M.,
    Andreotti F., Bax J.J., Borger M.A., Brotons C., Chew D.P., Gencer B.,
    Hasenfuss G., Kjeldsen K., Lancellotti P., Landmesser U., Mehilli J.,
    Mukherjee D., Storey R.F., Windecker S. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the
    management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without
    persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2015; ehv320.

71. Beller G.A., Heede R.C. SPECT imaging for detecting coronary artery
    disease and determining prognosis by noninvasive assessment of
    myocardial perfusion and myocardial viability. J Cardiovasc Transl Res
    2011;4:416–424.

72. Sicari R., Nihoyannopoulos P., Evangelista A., Kasprzak J.,
    Lancellotti P., Poldermans D., Voigt J.U., Zamorano J.L. Stress
    Echocardiography Expert Consensus Statement—Executive Summary: European
    Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC).
    Eur Heart J 2009;30:278–289.

73. Garnier F., Eicher J-C., Jazayeri S., Bertaux G., Bouchot O., Aho
    L-S., Wolf J-E., Laurent G. Usefulness and limitations of contractile
    reserve evaluation in patients with low-flow, low-gradient aortic
    stenosis eligible for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur J Heart
    Fail 2014;16:648–654

74. Allman K.C., Shaw L.J., Hachamovitch R., Udelson J.E. Myocardial
    viability testing and impact of revascularization on prognosis in
    patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction:
    a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39: 1151–1158.

75. Ling L.F., Marwick T.H., Flores D.R., Jaber W.A., Brunken R.C.,
    Cerqueira M.D., Hachamovitch R. Identification of therapeutic benefit
    from revascularization in patients with left ventricular systolic
    dysfunction inducible ischemia versus hibernating myocardium. Circ
    Cardiovasc Imaging 2013;6:363–372.

76. Bonow R.O., Maurer G., Lee K.L., Holly T.A., Binkley P.F.,
    Desvigne-Nickens P., Drozdz J., Farsky P.S., Feldman A.M., Doenst T.,
    Michler R.E., Berman D.S.,Nicolau J.C., Pellikka P.A, Wrobel K., Alotti
    N., Asch F.M., Favaloro L.E., She L., Velazquez E.J., Jones R.H., Panz|
    J.A. Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular
    dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1617–1625.

77. Gonzalez J.A., Kramer C.M. Role of imaging techniques for diagnosis,
    prognosis and management of heart failure patients: cardiac magnetic
    resonance. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2015;12:276–283.

78. Hundley W.G., Bluemke D.A., Finn J.P., Flamm S.D., Fogel M.A.,
    Friedrich M.G., Ho V.B., Jerosch-Herold M., Kramer C.M., Manning W.J.,
    Patel M., Pohost G.M., Stillman A.E., White R.D., Woodard P.K.,
    Harrington R.A., Anderson J.L., Bates E.R., Bridges C.R., Eisenberg
    M.J., Ferrari V.A., Grines C.L., Hlatky M.A., Jacobs A.K., Kaul S.,
    Lichtenberg R.C., Lindner J.R., Moliterno D.J., Mukherjee D., Rosenson
    R.S., Schofield R.S., Shubrooks S.J., Stein J.H., Tracy C.M., Weitz
    H.H., Wesley D.J. ACCF/ACR/AHA/NASCI/SCMR 2010 expert consensus document
    on cardiovascular magnetic resonance: a report of the Аmerican college
    of cardiology foundation task force on expert consensus documents.
    Circulation 2010;121:2462–2508.

79. Moon J.C., Messroghli D.R., Kellman P., Piechnik S.K., Robson M.D.,
    Ugander M., Gatehouse P.D., Arai A.E., Friedrich M.G., Neubauer S.,
    Schulz-Menger J., Schelbert E.B. Myocardial T1 mapping and extracellular
    volume quantification: a Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
    (SCMR) and CMR Working Group of the European Society of Cardiology
    consensus statement. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013;15:92.

80. Yoshida A., Ishibashi-Ueda H., Yamada N., Kanzaki H., Hasegawa T.,
    Takahama H.,Amaki M., Asakura M., Kitakaze M. Direct comparison of the
    diagnostic capability of cardiac magnetic resonance and endomyocardial
    biopsy in patients with heart failure. EurJHeartFail 2013;15:166–175.

81. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left
    ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The
    SOLVDinvestigators. N Engl J Med. 1991;325 (5):293–302.

82. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart
    failure: results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril
    Survival Study (CONSENSUS). The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. N Engl J
    Med. 1987;316 (23):1429–1435.

83. Garg R., Yusuf S., for the Collaborative Group on ACE Inhibitor
    Trials. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme
    inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure
    JAMA. 1995;273 (18):1450–1456.

84. Pfeffer M.A., Braunwald E., Moye L.A. et al. Effect of captopril on
    mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
    after myocardial infarction: results of the Survival And Ventricular
    Enlargement Trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327
    (10):669–677.

85. Kober L., Torp-Pedersen C., Carlsen J.E. et al. A clinical trial of
    the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor trandolapril in patients
    with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction.
    Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) Study Group. N Engl J Med.
    1995;333 (25):1670–1676.

86. Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute
    myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute
    Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet.
    1993;342 (8875):821–828.

87. Packer M., Poole-Wilson P.A., Armstrong P.W., Cleland J.G., Horowitz
    J.D., Massie B.M., Rydén L., Thygesen K., Uretsky B.F. Comparative
    effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme
    inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart
    failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999 Dec 7;100(23):2312-8.

88. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart
    failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection
    fractions. The SOLVD investigators. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(10):685–691.

89. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): |
    randomized trial. Lancet 1999;353 (9146):9–13.

90. MERIT-HF Study Group. Effects of metoprolol CR / XL in chronic heart
    failure: Metoprolol CR / XL Randomized International Trial in Congestive
    Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999;353(9169):2001–2007.

91. Packer M., Bristow M.R., Cohn J.N. et al, for the U. S. Carvedilol
    Heart Failure Study Group. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and
    mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996;334
    (21):1349–1355.

92. Packer M., Coats A.J., Fowler M.B. et al. Effect of carvedilol on
    survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med.
    2001;344(22):1651–1658.

93. Flather M.D., Shibata M.C., Coats A.J.et al. Randomized trial to
    determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular
    hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur
    Heart J. 2005;26 (3):215–225.

94. Poole – Wilson P.A., Swedberg K., Cleland J.G. et al. Comparison of
    carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic
    heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET):
    randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362(9377):7–13.

95. Dargie H.J. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial
    infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN
    randomized trial. Lancet 2001; 357:1385-1390.

96. Gattis W.A., O’Connor C.M., Leimberger J.D. et al. Clinical outcomes
    in patients on beta-blocker therapy admitted with worsening chronic
    heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 2003;91 (2):169–174.

97. Jondeau G., Neuder Y., Eicher J.C. et al. B-CONVINCED: Betablocker
    CONtinuation Vs. INterruption in patients with Congestive heart failure
    hospitalizED for a decompensation episode. Eur Heart J. 2009;30
    (18):2186–2192.

98. Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme W.J. et al. The effect of spironolactone
    on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure.
    Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med.
    1999;341 (10):709–717.

99. Zannad F., McMurray J.J., Krum H. et al. Eplerenone in patients with
    systolic heart failure and mild symptoms. N Engl J Med. 2011;364
    (1):11–21.

100. Pitt B., Remme W., Zannad F. et al. Eplerenone, a selective
     aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after
     myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2003;348 (14):1309–1321.

101. Pitt B., White H., Nicolau J. et al. Eplerenone reduces mortality
     30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in
     patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J
     Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46 (3):425–431.

102. Pitt B., Gheorghiade M., Zannad F. et al. Evaluation of eplerenone
     in the subgroup of EPHESUS patients with baseline left ventricular
     ejection fraction <or=30 %. Eur J Heart Fail. 2006;8 (3):295–301.

103. Juurlink D.N., Mamdani M.M., Lee D.S. et al. Rates of hyperkalemi|
     after publication of the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study. N Engl J
     Med. 2004;351 (6):543–551.

104. Faris R., Flather M., Purcell H., Henein M., Poole-Wilson P., Coats
     A.. Current evidence supporting the role of diuretics in heart failure:
     a meta analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Cardiol
     2002;82:149–158.

105. Faris R.F., Flather M., Purcell H., Poole-Wilson P.A., Coats A.J.
     Diuretics for heart failure.Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;2:CD003838.

106. Dormans T.P., van Meyel J.J., Gerlag P.G. et al. Diuretic efficacy
     of high dose furosemide in severe heart failure: bolus injection versus
     continuous infusion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;28 (2):376–382.

107. Vargo D.L., Kramer W.G., Black P.K. et al. Bioavailability,
     pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of torsemide and furosemide in
     patients with congestive heart failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther.1995;57
     (6):601–609.

108. Patterson J.H., Adams K.F. Jr, Applefeld M.M. et al. for the
     Torаsemide Investigators Group. Oral torsemide in patients with chronic
     congestive heart failure: effects on body weight, edema, and electrolyte
     excretion. Pharmacotherapy. 1994;14 (5):514–521.

109. Brater D. Torasemid: pharmacokinetic and clinical efficacy. Eur J
     Heart Fail. 2001;3 (Suppl G): 19–24.

110. Cosin J., Diez J., Torasemide in chronic heart failure: results of
     the TORIC study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2002;4 (4):507–513

111. Fortuno A., Muniz P., Ravassa S. et al. Torasemide inhibits
     angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular calcium
     increase in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats.
     Hypertension.1999;34 (1):138–143.

112. Yamato M., Sasaki T., Honda K. et al. Effects of torasemide on left
     ventricular function and neurohumoral factors in patients with chronic
     heart failure. Circ J. 2003;67 (5):384–390.

113. McMurray J.J., Packer M., Desai A.S., Gong J., Lefkowitz M.P.,
     Rizkala A.R., Rouleau J.L.,Shi V.C., Solomon S.D., Swedberg K., Zile
     M.R., PARADIGM-HF Investigators and Committees. Angiotensin-neprilysin
     inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. N Engl J Med
     2014;371:993–1004.

114. Pfeffer M.A., McMurray J.J., Velazquez E.J. et al. Valsartan,
     captopril,or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure,
     left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med. 2003;349
     (20):1893–1906.

115. Granger C.B., McMurray J.J., Yusuf S. et al. Effects of candesartan
     in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular
     systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme
     inhibitors: the CHARM–Alternative trial. Lancet. 2003;362
     (9386):772–776.

116. Cohn J.N., Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensinreceptor
     blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med.2001;345
     (23):1667–1675.

117. Maggioni A.Р., Anand I., Gottlieb S.O. et al. Effects of Valsartan
     on Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Heart Failure Not Receiving
     Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40
     (8):1414–1421.

118. McMurray J.J., Ostergren J., Swedberg K. et al. Effects of
     candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced
     leftventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-convertingenzyme
     inhibitors: the CHARM–Added trial. Lancet. 2003;362 (9386):767–771.

119. Konstam M.A., Neaton J.D., Dickstein K. et al. Effects of high-dose
     versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart
     failure (HEAAL study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet.
     2009;374 (9704):1840–1848.

120. Swedberg K., Komajda M., Bohm M. et al. Ivabradine and outcomes in
     chronic heart failure (SHIFT): a randomised placebo-controlled study.
     Lancet 2010;376 (9744):875–885.

121. Digoxin»s effect on mortality and hospitalization in heart failure:
     implications of the DIG study. Digitalis Investigation Group. Cleve Clin
     J Med. 1997 May;64(5):234-7.

122. Gheorghiade M., Fonarow G.C., van Veldhuisen D.J. et al. Lack of
     evidence of increased mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation
     taking digoxin: findings from post hoc propensity-matched analysis of
     the AFFIRM trial. Eur Heart J. 2013;34 (20):1489–1497.

123. Jorge E., Baptista R., Martins H. et al. Digoxin in advanced heart
     failure patients: a question of rhythm. Rev Port Cardiol. 2013;32
     (4):303–310.

124. Gheorghiade M., Patel K., Filippatos G. et al. Effect of oral
     digoxin in high-risk heart failure patients: a pre-specified subgroup
     analysis of the DIG trial. Eur J Heart Fail. 2013;15 (5):551–559.

125. Rathore S.S., Curtis J.P., Wang Y. et al. Association of serum
     digoxin concentration and outcomes in patients with heart failure. JAMA.
     2003;289 (7):871–878.

126. Adams K.F., Patterson J.H., Gattis W.A. et al. Relationship of
     serum digoxin concentration to mortality and morbidity in women in the
     digitalis investigation group trial: a retrospective analysis. J Am Coll
     Cardiol. 2005;46 (3):497–504.

127. The GISSI-HF investigators. Effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty
     acids in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI-HF trial): |
     randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet
     2008;372:1223―30.

128. Marchioli R., Barzi F., Bomba E. et al. Early protection against
     sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial
     infarction: time-course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano
     per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell»Infarto Miocardico (GISSI) –
     Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002;105(16):1897–1903.

129. Macchia A., Levantesi G., Franzosi M.G. et al. Left ventricular
     systolic dysfunction,total mortality, and sudden death in patients with
     myocardial infarction treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Eur
     J Heart Fail. 2005;7 (5):904–909.

130. Rauch B., Schiele R., Schneider S., Diller F., Victor N., Gohlke
     H., Gottwik M., Steinbeck G., Del Castillo U., Sack R., Worth H., Katus
     H., Spitzer W., Sabin G., Senges J. OMEGA, a randomized,
     placebo-controlled trial to test the effect of highly purified omega-3
     fatty acids on top of modern guideline-adjusted therapy after myocardial
     infarction. Circulation 2010;122:2152–2159.

131. Cohn J.N., Archibald D.G., Ziesche S. et al. Effect of vasodilator
     therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure: results of |
     Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med 1986;314
     (24):1547–1552.

132. Taylor A.L., Ziesche S., Yancy C. et al. Combination of isosorbide
     dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med.
     2004;351 (20):2049–2057.

133. Carson P., Ziesche S., Johnson G., Cohn J.N., for the Vasodilator
     –Heart Failure Trial Study Group. Racial differences in response to
     therapy for heart failure: analysis of the vasodilator-heart failure
     trials. J Card Fail 1999;5 (3):178–187.

134. Kjekshus J., Dunselman P., Blideskog M. et al. A statin in the
     treatment of heart failure? Controlled rosuvastatin multinational study
     in heart failure (CORONA): Study design and baseline characteristics.
     Eur J Heart Fail 2005;7 (6):1059–1069.

135. Tavazzi L., Maggioni A.P., Marchioli R. et al. Effect of
     rosuvastatin in patients with chronic heart failure (the GISSI–HF
     trial): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet.
     2008;372 (9645):1231–1239.

136. Homma S., Thompson J.L., Pullicino P.M. et al, WARCEF
     Investigators.Warfarin and aspirin in patients with heart failure and
     sinus rhythm. N Engl J Med 2012;366 (20):1859–1869.

137. Gheorghiade M., Böhm M., Greene S.J., Fonarow G.C., Lewis E.F.,
     Zannad F.,Solomon S.D., Baschiera F., Botha J., Hua T.A., Gimpelewicz
     C.R., Jaumont X., Lesogor A., Maggioni A.P.; ASTRONAUT Investigators and
     Coordinators. Effect of aliskiren on postdischarge mortality and heart
     failure readmissions among patients hospitalized for heart failure: the
     ASTRONAUT randomized trial. JAMA. 2013 Mar 20;309(11):1125-35.

138. Parving H.H., Brenner B.M., McMurray J.J., de Zeeuw D., Haffner
     S.M., Solomon S.D., Chaturvedi N., Persson F., Desai A.S., Nicolaides
     M., Richard A., Xiang Z., Brunel P., Pfeffer M.A.;
     ALTITUDEInvestigators. Cardiorenal end points in a trial of aliskiren
     for type 2 diabetes.N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 6;367(23):2204-13. 131.

139. Komajda M., McMurray J.J., Beck-Nielsen H., Gomis R., Hanefeld M.,
     Pocock S.J.,Curtis P.S., Jones N.P., Home P.D. Heart failure events with
     rosiglitazone in type 2 diabetes: data from the RECORD clinical trial.
     Eur Heart J 2010;31:824–831.

140. Hernandez A.V., Usmani A., Rajamanickam A., Moheet A.
     Thiazolidinediones and risk of heart failure in patients with or at high
     risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis and meta-regression
     analysis of placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials. Am J
     Cardiovasc Drugs 2011;11:115–128.

141. Erdmann E., Charbonnel B., Wilcox R.G., Skene A.M., Massi-Benedetti
     M., Yates J.,Tan M., Spanheimer R., Standl E., Dormandy J.A.
     Pioglitazone use and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and
     preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study
     (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care 2007;30:2773–2778.

142. Goldstein R.E., Boccuzzi S.J., Cruess D., Nattel S. Diltiazem
     increases late-onset congestive heart failure in postinfarction patients
     with early reduction in ejection fraction. The Adverse Experience
     Committee; and the Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Research Group.
     Circulation 1991;83:52–60.

143. Cohn J.N., Ziesche S., Smith R. et al. Effect of the calcium
     antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients
     with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III.
     Vasodilator – Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation.
     1997;96 (3):856–863.

144. Thackray S., Witte K., Clark A.L., Cleland J.G. Clinical trials
     update: OPTIME–CHF, PRAISE-2, ALL–HAT. Eur J Heart Fail.
     2000;2(2):209–212.

145. Packer M., O’Connor C.M., Ghali J.K. et al. Effect of amlodipine on
     morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective
     Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med.
     1996;335 (15):1107–1114

146. Mamdani M., Juurlink D.N., Lee D.S., Rochon P.A., Kopp A., Naglie
     G., Austin P.C.,Laupacis A., Stukel T.A. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors
     versus non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and congestive
     heart failure outcomes in elderly patients: a population-based cohort
     study. Lancet 2004;363:1751–1756.

147. Huerta C., Varas-Lorenzo C., Castellsague J., Garcia Rodriguez L.A.
     Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of first hospital
     admission for heart failure in the general population. Heart
     2006;92:1610–1615.

148. Preliminary report: effect of encainide and flecainide on mortality
     in a randomized trial of arrhythmia suppressionafter myocardial
     infarction. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial (CAST)
     Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1989;321(6):406-12.

149. Echt D.S., Liebson P.R., Mitchell L.B., Peters R.W., Obias-Manno
     D., Barker A.H., Arensberg D., Baker A., Friedman L., Greene H.L., et
     al. Mortality and morbidity in patients receiving encainide, flecainide,
     or placebo. The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression Trial. N Engl J Med. 1991
     Mar 21;324(12):781-8.

150. McMurray J.J., Packer M., Desai A.S., Gong J., Lefkowitz M.P.,
     Rizkala A.R., Rouleau JL.,Shi V.C., Solomon S.D., Swedberg K., Zile
     M.R., PARADIGM-HF Investigators andCommittees. Angiotensin-neprilysin
     inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure. NEngl J Med
     2014;371:993–1004.

151. Packer M. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with
     severe chronic heart failure: results of the Carvedilol Prospective
     Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study. Circulation
     2002;106:2194–2199.

152. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committees. The Cardiac Insufficiency
     Bisoprolol StudyII (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9–13.

153. Wyse D., Friedman P.L., Epstein A.E. A comparison of
     antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients
     resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. The
     Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators (AVID) Investigators.
     N Engl J Med 1997;337:1576–1583.

154. Connolly S.J., Hallstrom A.P., Cappato R., Schron E.B., Kuck K.H.,
     Zipes D.P., Greene H.L., Boczor S., Domanski M., Follmann D., Gent M.,
     Roberts R.S. Meta-analysis of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator
     secondary prevention trials. AVID, CASH and CIDS studies.
     Antiarrhythmics vs Implantable Defibrillator study. Cardiac Arrest Study
     Hamburg. Canadian Implantable Defibrillator Study. Eur Heart J
     2000;21:2071–2078.

155. Connolly S.J., Gent M., Roberts R.S., Dorian P., Roy D., Sheldon
     R.S., Mitchell L.B.,Green M.S., Klein G.J., O’Brien B. Canadian
     implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the
     implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone.Circulation
     2000;101:1297–1302.

156. Kuck K.H., Cappato R., Siebels J., Ru¨ppel R. Randomized comparison
     of antiarrhythmic drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in
     patients resuscitated from cardiac arrest: the Cardiac Arrest Study
     Hamburg (CASH). Circulation 2000;102: 748–754.

157. Oseroff O., Retyk E., Bochoeyer A. Subanalyses of secondary
     prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator trials:
     antiarrhythmics versus implantable defibrillators (AVID), Canadian
     Implantable Defibrillator Study (CIDS), and Cardiac Arrest Study Hamburg
     (CASH). Curr Opin Cardiol 2004;19:26–30.

158. Køber L., Torp-Pedersen C., McMurray J.J.V., Gøtzsche O., Le´vy S.,
     Crijns H., Amlie J., Carlsen J. Increased mortality after dronedarone
     therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2678–2687.

159. Lafuente-Lafuente C., Valembois L., Bergmann J-F., Belmin J.
     Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of
     atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;5:CD005049.

160. A multicentre, randomized trial on the benefit/risk profile of
     amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone in patients with cardiac disease
     and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic Drug Evaluation
     Group (A.D.E.G.). Eur Heart J 1992; 13:1251–1258.

161. Bardy G.H., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., Poole J.E., Packer D.L., Boineau
     R., Domanski M., Troutman C., Anderson J., Johnson G., McNulty S.E.,
     Clapp-Channing N., Davidson-Ray L.D., Fraulo E.S., Fishbein D.P., Luceri
     R.M., Ip JH. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator for
     congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med2005;352:225–237.

162. Torp-Pedersen C., Metra M., Spark P., Lukas M.A., Moullet C.,
     Scherhag A., Komajda M., Cleland JGF, Remme W., Di Lenarda A., Swedberg
     K., Poole-Wilson P.A. The safety of amiodarone in patients with heart
     failure. J Card Fail 2007;13:340–345.

163. Chatterjee S., Ghosh J., Lichstein E., Aikat S., Mukherjee D.
     Meta-analysis of cardiovascular outcomes with dronedarone in patients
     with atrial fibrillation or heart failure. Am J Cardiol
     2012;110:607–613.

164. Kirchof P., Benussi S. et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the
     management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS.
     Eur Heart J. 2016. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210. Forthcoming.

165. Pedersen O.D., Bagger H., Køber L., Torp-Pedersen C. Trandolapril
     reduces the incidence of atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial
     infarction in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation
     1999;100:376–380.

166. Ducharme A., Swedberg K., Pfeffer M.A., CohenSolal A., Granger
     C.B., Maggioni A.P., Michelson E.L., McMurrayJJ V., Olsson L., Rouleau
     J.L., Young J.B., Olofsson B., Puu M., Yusuf S.. Prevention of atrial
     fibrillation in patients with symptomatic chronic heart failure by
     candesartan in the Candesartan in Heart failure: Assessment of Reduction
     in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. Am Heart J 2006;152:86–92.

167. McMurray J., Køber L., Robertson M., Dargie H., Colucci W.,
     Lopez-Sendon J., Remme W., Sharpe D.N., Ford I.Antiarrhythmic effect of
     carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol
     2005;45:525–530.

168. Swedberg K., Zannad F., McMurray J.J.V., Krum H., van Veldhuisen
     D.J., Shi H., Vincent J., Pitt B. Eplerenone and atrial fibrillation in
     mild systolic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:1598–1603.

169. Han M., Zhang Y., Sun S., Wang Z., Wang J., Xie X., Gao M., Yin X.,
     Hou Y. Renin–angiotensin system inhibitors prevent the recurrence of
     atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013;62:405–415.

170. Martin R.I.R., Pogoryelova O., Koref M.S., Bourke J.P., Teare M.D.,
     Keavney B.D. Atrial fibrillation associated with ivabradine treatment:
     meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart 2014;100:1506–1510.

171. Hess P.L., Jackson K.P., Hasselblad V., Al-Khatib S.M. Is cardiac
     resynchronization therapy an antiarrhythmic therapy for atrial
     fibrillation? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rep
     2013;15:330.

172. Brodsky M.A., Allen B.J., Walker C.J., Casey T.P., Luckett C.R.,
     Henry W.L. Amiodarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm after conversion
     of atrial fibrillation in the setting of a dilated left atrium. Am J
     Cardiol 1987;60:572–575.

173. Deedwania P.C., Singh B.N., Ellenbogen K., Fisher S., Fletcher R.,
     Singh S.N. Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by
     amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation:
     observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival
     trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans
     Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators. Circulation 1998;98:2574–2579.

174. Shelton R.J., Clark A.L., Goode K., Rigby A.S., Houghton T., Kaye
     G.C., Cleland JGF. A randomised, controlled study of rate versus rhythm
     control in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and heart failure:
     (CAFE-II Study).Heart 2009;95:924–930.

175. Capucci A., Villani G.Q., Aschieri D., Rosi A., Piepoli M.F. Oral
     amiodarone increases the efficacy of direct-current cardioversion in
     restoration of sinus rhythm in patients with chronic atrial
     fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2000;21:66–73.

176. Ponikowski, A. A. Voors, S. D. Anker, H. Bueno, J.G. F. Cleland, A.
     J.S. Coats, V. Falk, J.´ Ramo´n Gonza´lez-Juanatey, V-P. Harjola, E. A.
     Jankowska, M.iell Jessup, C. Linde, P. Nihoyannopoulos, J. T. Parissis,
     B.Pieske, J. P. Riley, G.M. C. Rosano, L. M. Ruilope, F. Ruschitzka,
     F.H. Rutten, P. van der Meer. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and
     treatment of acute and chronic heart failure The Task Force for the
     dianosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the
     European Society of Cardiology (ESC). European Heart Journal
     2016;37:2129–2200.

177. Hofmann R., Steinwender C., Kammler J., Kypta A., Leisch F. Effects
     of a high dose intravenous bolus amiodarone in patients with atrial
     fibrillation and a rapid ventricular rate. Int J Cardiol 2006;110:27–32.

178. Hofmann R., Wimmer G., Leisch F. Intravenous amiodarone bolus
     immediately controls heart rate in patients with atrial fibrillation
     accompanied by severe congestive heart failure. Heart 2000;84:635.

179. Kotecha D., Holmes J., Krum H., Altman D.G., Manzano L., Cleland
     J.G.F., Lip G.Y.H., Coats A.J.S., Andersson B., Kirchhof P., vonLueder
     T.G., Wedel H., Rosano G., Shibata M.C., Rigby A., Flather M.D. Efficacy
     of β blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation:
     an individual-patient data meta-analysis. Lancet2014;384:2235–2243.

180. Ziff O.J., Lane D.A., Samra M., Griffith M., Kirchhof P., Lip
     G.Y.H., Steeds R.P., Townend J., Kotecha D. Safety and efficacy of
     digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and
     controlled trial data. BMJ2015;351:h4451.

181. Doshi R.N., Daoud E.G., Fellows C., Turk K., Duran A., Hamdan M.H.,
     Pires L.A. PAVE Study Group. Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation
     post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc
     Electrophysiol 2005;16:1160–1165.

182. Connolly S.J., Camm A.J., Halperin J.L., Joyner C., Alings M.,
     Amerena J., Atar D., Avezum Á., Blomström P.,Borggrefe M., Budaj A.,
     Chen S-A., Ching C.K., Commerford P., Dans A., Davy J-M., Delacrétaz E.,
     Di Pasquale G., Diaz R., Dorian P., Flaker G., Golitsyn S.,
     Gonzalez-Hermosillo A., Granger C.B., Heidbüchel H., Kautzner J., Kim
     J.S.,Lanas F., Lewis B.S., Merino J.L., Morillo C., Murin J., Narasimhan
     C., Paolasso E., Parkhomenko A., Peters N.S., SimK- H., Stiles M.K.,
     Tanomsup S., Toivonen L., Tomcsányi J., Torp-Pedersen C., Tse H.F.,
     Vardas P., Vinereanu D., XavierD., Zhu J-R., Zhu J-R, Baret-Cormel L.,
     Weinling E., Staiger C., Yusuf S., Chrolavicius S., Afzal R., Hohnloser
     S.H. Dronedarone in high-risk permanent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J
     Med 2011;365:2268–2276.

183. Jones D.G., Haldar S.K., Hussain W., Sharma R., Francis D.P.,
     Rahman-Haley S.L., McDonagh T.A., UnderwoodS.R., Markides V., Wong T. A
     randomized trial to assess catheter ablation versus rate control in the
     management of persistent atrial fibrillation in heart failure. J Am Coll
     Cardiol 2013;61:1894–1903.

184. Khan A.R., Khan S., Sheikh M.A., Khuder S., Grubb B., Moukarbel
     G.V. Catheter ablation and antiarrhythmic drug therapy as first- or
     second-line therapy in the management of atrial fibrillation: systematic
     review and meta-analysis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2014;7:853–860.

185. Khan M.N., Jais P., Cummings J., Di Biase L., Sanders P., Martin
     D.O., Kautzner J., Hao S., Themistoclakis S., Fanelli R., Potenza D.,
     Massaro R., Wazni O., Schweikert R., Saliba W., Wang P., Al-Ahmad A.,
     Beheiry S., SantarelliP., Starling R.C., Dello Russo A., Pelargonio G.,
     Brachmann J., Schibgilla V., Bonso A., Casella M., Raviele A.,
     Haissaguerre M., Natale A. Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial
     fibrillation in patients with heart failure. N Engl J
     Med2008;359:1778–1785.

186. A multicentre, randomized trial on the benefit/risk profile of
     amiodarone, flecainide and propafenone in patients with cardiac disease
     and complex ventricular arrhythmias. Antiarrhythmic Drug Evaluation
     Group (A.D.E.G.). Eur Heart J 1992;13:1251–1258.

187. Dunkman W.B., Johnson G.R., Carson P.E. et al, for the V–HeFT VA
     Cooperative Studies Group. Incidence of thromboembolic events in
     congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1993;87 (6 Suppl): VI94–101.

188. Dunkman W.B. Thromboembolism and antithrombotic therapy in
     congestive heart failure. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1995;2 (2):107–117.

189. Samama M.M., Cohen A.T., Darmon J.Y. et al. A comparison of
     enoxaparin with placebo for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in
     acutely ill medical patients. Prophylaxis in Medical Patients with
     Enoxaparin Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341 (11):793–800.

190. Turpie A.G. Thrombosis prophylaxis in the acutely ill medical
     patient: insights from the prophylaxis in MEDical patients with
     ENOXaparin (MEDENOX) trial. Am J Cardiol. 2000;86 (12B): 48M–52M

191. Wells Philip S., David R. et al Evaluation of D-Dimer in the
     Diagnosis of Suspected Deep-Vein Thrombosis N Engl J Med 2003;
     349:1227-1235

192. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE)
     clinical guideline. Venous tromboembolic diseases: the management of
     venous thromboembolic diseases and the role of thrombophilia testing.
     June 2012

193. Vahanian A., et al Guidelines on the management of valvular heart
     disease (version 2012): the Joint Task Force on the Management of
     Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and
     the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart
     J 2012;33:2451–2496. 494.

194. Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, Granger CB, Kappetein AP,
     Mack MJ, Blatchford J, Devenny K, Friedman J, Guiver K, Harper R, Khder
     Y, Lobmeyer MT, Maas H, Voigt J-U, Simoons ML, Van deWerf F. Dabigatran
     versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Engl J Med
     2013;369:1206–1214.

195. D.E., Albers G.W., Dalen J.E. et al. Antithrombotic therapy in
     atrial fibrillation: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and
     Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126 (3 suppl): 429S–456S.

196. Lip GYH, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA, Crijns HJGM. Refining
     clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism
     in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the
     Euro Heart Survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 2010;137:263–272.

197. Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R. A novel user-friendly score (HAS
     BLED) to asses 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial
     fibrillation. Chest J 2010;138:1093–1100.

198. Granger C., Alexander J.H., McMurray J.J. et al, for the ARISTOTLE
     Committees and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with
     atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365 (11):981–992

199. Connolly S.J., Ezekowitz M.D., Yusuf S. et al. Dabigatran versus
     warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361
     (12):1139–1151.

200. Patel M.R., Mahaffey K.W., Garg J. et al. for the ROCKET AF
     Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial
     fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365 (10):883–891.

201. Xiong Q, Lau YC, Senoo K, Lane DA, Hong K, Lip GYH. Non-vitamin K
     antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in patients with concomitant
     atrial fibrillation and heart failure: a systemic review and
     meta-analysis of randomized trials. Eur J Heart Fail 2015;17:1192–1200.

202. Cohn JN, Pfeffer MA, Rouleau J, Sharpe N, Swedberg K, Straub M,
     Wiltse C, Wright TJ, MOXCON Investigators. Adverse mortality effect of
     central sympathetic inhibition with sustained-release moxonidine in
     patients with heart failure (MOXCON). Eur J Heart Fail 2003;5:659–667.

203. Dorszewski A, Go¨hmann E, Dorsz´ewski B, Werner GS, Kreuzer H,
     Figulla HR. Vasodilation by urapidil in the treatment of chronic
     congestive heart failure in additionto angiotensin-converting enzyme
     inhibitors is not beneficial: results of a placebo-controlled,
     double-blind study. J Card Fail 1997;3:91–96.

204. Fox K, Ford I, Steg PG, Tendera M, Ferrari R. Ivabradine for
     patients with stable coronary artery disease and left-ventricular
     systolic dysfunction (BEAUTIFUL): a randomised, double-blind,
     placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:807–816.

205. Vitale C, Spoletini I, Malorni W, Perrone-Filardi P, Volterrani M,
     Rosano GMC. Efficacy of trimetazidine on functional capacity in
     symptomatic patients with stable exertional angina—the VASCO-angin|
     study. Int J Cardiol 2013;168:1078–1081.

206. Pursnani S, Korley F, Gopaul R, Kanade P, Chandra N, Shaw RE,
     Bangalore S. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical
     therapy in stable coronary artery disease: a systematic review and
     meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Interv
     2012;5:476–490.

207. Panza JA, Holly TA, Asch FM, She L, Pellikka PA, Velazquez EJ, Lee
     KL, Trikalinos TA, Alsheikh-Ali AA, Tatsioni A, Nallamothu BK, Kent DM.
     Percutaneous coronary interventions for non-acute coronary artery
     disease: a quantitative 20-year synopsis and a network meta-analysis.
     Lancet 2009;373:911–918

208. Filippatos G., Farmakis D., Parissis J. Renal dysfunction and heart
     failure: things are seldom what they seem. Eur Heart J 2014;35:416–418.

209. Ponikowski P, van Veldhuisen DJ, Comin-Colet J, Ertl G, Komajda M,
     Mareev V, McDonagh T, Parkhomenko A, Tavazzi L, Levesque V, Mori C,
     Roubert B, Filippatos G, Ruschitzka F, Anker SD. Beneficial effects of
     long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in
     patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency. Eur Heart J
     2015;36:657–668.

210. Kubo S.H., Walter B.A., John D.H., Clark M., Cody R.J. Liver
     function abnormalities in chronic heart failure. Influence of systemic
     hemodynamics. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147:1227 –1230.

211. Batin P., Wickens M., McEntegart D., Fullwood L., Cowley A.J. The
     importance of abnormalities of liver function tests in predicting
     mortality in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1995;16:1613 –1618.

212. Rodondi N., Aujesky D., Vittinghoff E., Cornuz J., Bauer D.C.
     Subclinical hypothyroidism and the risk of coronary heart disease: |
     meta-analysis. Am J Med.2006; 119: 541–551.

213. Harjai K.J., Licata A.A. Effects of amiodarone on thyroid function.
     Ann Intern Med.2006; 126: 63–73.

214. Buzdar A.U., Marcus C., Smith T.L., et al. Early and delayed
     clinical cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Cancer. 1985;55(12 ):2761–5.

215. Swain S.M., Whaley F.S., Ewer M.S. Congestive heart failure in
     patients treated with doxorubicin. Cancer. 2003;97(11 ):2869–79.

216. Billingham M.E., Mason J.W., Bristow M.R., et al. Anthracycline
     cardiomyopathy monitored by morphologic changes. Cancer Treat Rep.
     1978;62(6 ):865–72.

217. Diez-Quevedo C., Lupo´n J., Gonza´lez B., Urrutia A., Cano L.,
     Cabanes R., Altimir S., Coll R., Pascual T., de Antonio M., Bayes-Genis

     1. Depression, antidepressants, and long-term mortality in heart
        failure. Int J Cardiol 2013;167:1217–1225.

218. Ski C.F., Thompson D.R., Hare D.L., Stewart A.G., Watson R. Cardiac
     Depression Scale: Mokken scaling in heart failure patients. Health Qual
     Life Outcomes 2012; 10:141

219. Lloyd-Jones D., Adams R., Carnethon M. et al.; American Heart
     Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee:
     Heart disease and stroke statistics — 2009 update: a report from the
     American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics
     Subcommittee. Circulation 119, E21-E181 (2009). Reports the
     cardiovascular disease statistics for 2009 in the USA.

220. Heiat A., Gross C.P., Krumholz H.M. Representation of the elderly,
     women, and minorities in heart failure clinical trials. Arch. Intern.
     Med. 2002, (162):1682-1688.

221. Levy D., Kenchaiah S., Larson M.G. et al.: Long-term trends in the
     incidence of and survival with heart failure. N. Engl. J. Med.
     2002;347:1397-1402.

222. Gottdiener J.S., Arnold A.M., Aurigemma G.P. et al.: Predictors of
     congestive heart failure in the elderly: the Cardiovascular Health
     Study. J. Am. Coll. Card. 2000;35: 1628-1637.

223. Roger V.L., Weston S.A., Redfield M.M. et al.: Trends in heart
     failure incidence and survival in a community-based population. JAMA
     2004; 292:344-350.

224. Velazquez E.J., Lee K.L., Deja M.A. et al. Coronary-artery bypass
     surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med.
     2011;364 (17):1607–1616

225. Doenst T., Cleland J.G., Rouleau J.L. et al. Influence of crossover
     on mortality in a randomized study of revascularization in patients with
     systolic heart failure and coronary artery disease. Circ Heart Fail.
     2013; 6 (3):443–450.

226. Allman KC, Shaw LJ, Hachamovitch R, Udelson JE. Myocardial
     viability testing andimpact of revascularization on prognosis in
     patients with coronary artery diseaseand left ventricular dysfunction: |
     meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39(7):1151–1158.

227. Cazeau S.,Leclercq C.,Lavergne T.,Walker S.,Varma C.,Linde
     C.,Garrigue S .,Kappenberger L.,Haywood G.A.,Santini M.,Bailleul C.,Mabo
     P.,Lazarus A.,Ritter P.,Levy T.,McKenna W.,Daubert J-C. Effects of
     multisite biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and
     intraventricular conduction delay. N Engl J Med2001;344:873–880.

228. Сleland J.,Daubert J.,Erdmann E.,Freemantle N.,Gras D.,Kappenberger
     L.,Tavazzi L. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and
     mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1539–1549.

229. Cleland JGF, Daubert J-C., Erdmann E., Freemantle N., Gras D.,
     Kappenberger L., Tavazzi L. Longer-term effects of cardiac
     resynchronization therapy on mortality in heart failure [the CArdiac
     REsynchronization-Heart Failure (CARE-HF) trial extension phase]. Eur
     Heart J 2006;27:1928–1932.

230. Cleland JGF, Freemantle N, Erdmann E, Gras D, Kappenberger L,
     Tavazzi L, Daubert J-CC. Long-term mortality with cardiac
     resynchronization therapy in the Cardiac Resynchronization–Heart Failure
     (CARE-HF) trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2012;14:628–634.

231. Bristow M.R., Saxon L.A., Boehmer J., Krueger S., Kass D.A., De
     Marco T., Carson P., DiCarlo L., DeMets D., White B.G., DeVries D.W.,
     Feldman A.M. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an
     implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J
     Med 2004;350:2140–2150.

232. Cleland J.G., Abraham W.T., Linde C., Gold M.R., Young J.B., Claude
     Daubert J., Sherfesee L.,Wells G.A., Tang ASL. An individual patient
     meta-analysis of five randomized trials assessing the effects of cardiac
     resynchronization therapy on morbidity and mortality in patients with
     symptomatic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2013; 34:3547–3556.

233. Tang ASL, Wells G.A., Talajic M., Arnold M.O., Sheldon R., Connolly
     S., Hohnloser S.H., Nichol G., Birnie D.H., Sapp J.L., Yee R., Healey
     J.S., Rouleau J.L.Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate
     heart failure. N Engl J Med 2010;363:2385–2395.

234. Moss A.J., Hall W.J., Cannom D.S., Klein H., Brown M.W., Daubert
     J.P., Estes NAM, Foster E., Greenberg H., Higgins S.L., Pfeffer M.A.,
     Solomon S.D., Wilber D., ZarebaW. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for
     the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med 2009;361:1329–1338.

235. Goldenberg I., Kutyifa V., Klein H.U., Cannom D.S., Brown M.W., Dan
     A., Daubert J.P., Estes NAM., Foster E., Greenberg H., Kautzner J.,
     Klempfner R., Kuniss M., Merkely B., Pfeffer M.A., Quesada A., Viskin
     S., McNitt S., Polonsky B., Ghanem A., Solomon S.D., Wilber D.,
     ZarebaW., Moss A.J. Survival with cardiac-resynchronization therapy in
     mild heart failure. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1694–1701.

236. Linde C., Abraham W.T., Gold M.R, St John Sutton M., Ghio S.,
     Daubert C. Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly
     symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with
     left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J Am
     Coll Cardiol 2008;52:1834–1843.

237. Daubert C., Gold MR., Abraham W.T., Ghio S., Hassager C., Goode G.,
     Szili-To¨ro¨k T., Linde C., REVERSE Study Group. Prevention of disease
     progression by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with
     asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction:
     insights from the European cohort of the REVERSE trial. J Am Coll
     Cardiol 2009;54:1837–1846.

238. Linde C., Gold M.R., Abraham W.T., St John Sutton M., Ghio S.,
     Cerkvenik J., Daubert C.. Long-term impact of cardiac resynchronization
     therapy in mild heart failure: 5-year results from the REsynchronization
     reVErses Remodeling in Systolic left vEntricular dysfunction (REVERSE)
     study. Eur Heart J 2013;34:2592–2599.

239. Woods B., Hawkins N., Mealing S., Sutton A., Abraham W.T., Beshai
     J.F., Klein H., Sculpher M., Plummer C.J., Cowie M.R. Individual patient
     data network meta-analysis of mortality effects of implantable cardiac
     devices. Heart 2015; 101:1800–1806.

240. Curtis A.B.,Worley S.J., Adamson P.B., Chung E.S., Niazi I.,
     Sherfesee L., Shinn T, St John Sutton M.. Biventricular pacing for
     atrioventricular block and systolic dysfunction.N Engl J Med
     2013;368:1585–1593.

241. Brignole M., Botto G., Mont L., Iacopino S., De Marchi G., Oddone
     D., Luzi M., Tolosana J.M., Navazio A., Menozzi C. Cardiac
     resynchronization therapy in patientsundergoing atrioventricular
     junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial.
     Eur Heart J 2011;32:2420–2429.

242. Leclercq C.,Walker S., Linde C., Clementy J., Marshall A.J., Ritter
     P., Djiane P., Mabo P., Levy T., Gadler F., Bailleul C., Daubert J-C.
     Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular
     pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur
     Heart J 2002;23:1780–1787.

243. Stavrakis S., Garabelli P., Reynolds D.W. Cardiac resynchronization
     therapy after atrioventricular junction ablation for symptomatic atrial
     fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Europace 2012;14:1490–1497.

244. MacDonald M.R., Connelly D.T., Hawkins N.M., Steedman T., Payne J.,
     Shaw M.,Denvir M., Bhagra S., Small S., Martin W., McMurray J.J., Petrie
     M.C. Radiofrequencyablation for persistent atrial fibrillation in
     patients with advanced heart failure and severe left ventricular
     systolic dysfunction: a randomised controlled trial. Heart
     2011;97:740–747.

245. Jones D.G., Haldar S.K., Hussain W., Sharma R., Francis D.P.,
     Rahman-Haley S.L.,McDonagh T.A., Underwood S.R., Markides V., Wong T. A
     randomized trial to assesscatheter ablation versus rate control in the
     management of persistent atrial fibrillation in heart failure. J Am Coll
     Cardiol 2013;61:1894–1903.

246. Upadhyay G.A., Choudhry N.K., Auricchio A., Ruskin J., Singh J.P.
     Cardiac resynchronization in patients with atrial fibrillation: |
     meta-analysis of prospective cohortstudies. J Am Coll Cardiol
     2008;52:1239–1246.

247. Gasparini M., Leclercq C., Lunati M., Landolina M., Auricchio A.,
     Santini M., Boriani G., Lamp B., Proclemer A., Curnis A., Klersy C.,
     Leyva F. Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial
     fibrillation. The CERTIFY Study (Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in
     Atrial Fibrillation Patients Multinational Registry). JACC Heart Fail
     2013;1:500–507.

248. Gage R.M., Burns K.V., Bank A.J. Echocardiographic and clinical
     response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failure patients
     with and without previous right ventricular pacing. Eur J Heart Fail
     2014;16:1199–1205.

249. Ruschitzka F., AbrahamW.T., Singh J.P., Bax J.J., Borer J.S.,
     Brugada J., Dickstein K., Ford I., Gorcsan J., Gras D., Krum H., Sogaard
     P., Holzmeister J. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy in heart failure
     with a narrow QRS complex. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1395–1405.

250. Steffel J., Robertson M., Singh J.P., Abraham W.T., Bax J.J., Borer
     J.S., Dickstein K., Ford I., Gorcsan J., Gras D., Krum H., Sogaard P.,
     Holzmeister J., Brugada J., Ruschitzka F. The effect of QRS duration on
     cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with a narrow QRS complex:
     a subgroup analysis of the EchoCRT trial. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1983–1989.

251. Zusterzeel R., Selzman K.A., Sanders W., Can˜os D.A., O’Callaghan
     K.M., Carpenter J.L., Pin˜a I.L., Strauss D.G. Cardiac resynchronization
     therapy in women:US Food and Drug Administration meta-analysis of
     patient-level data. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1340–1348.

252. Connolly S.J., Gent M., Roberts R.S., Dorian P., Roy D., Sheldon
     R.S., Mitchell L.B., Green M.S., Klein G.J., O»Brien B. Canadian
     implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the
     implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation
     2000;101:1297–1302.

253. Moss A.J., Zareba W., Hall W.J., Klein H., Wilber D.J., Cannom
     D.S., Daubert J.P., Higgins S.L., Brown M.W.,Andrews M.L.Prophylactic
     implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction
     and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2002;346:877–883.

254. Desai A.S., Fang J.C., Maisel W.H., Baughman K.L. Implantable
     defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with
     nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled
     trials. JAMA2004;292:2874–2879.

255. Sanders G.D., Hlatky M.A., Owens D.K. Cost-effectiveness of
     implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. N Engl J Med
     2005;353:1471–1480.

256. Kadish A., Dyer A., Daubert J.P., Quigg R., Estes NAM., Anderson
     K.P., Calkins H., Hoch D., Goldberger J.,Shalaby A., Sanders W.E.,
     Schaechter A., Levine J.H. Defibrillators in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
     Treatment Evaluation (DEFINITE) Investigators. Prophylactic
     defibrillator implantation in patients with nonischemic dilated
     cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med 2004;350:2151–2158.

257. Bardy G.H.,Lee K.L., Mark D.B., Poole J.E., Packer D.L., Boineau
     R., Domanski M., Troutman C., Anderson J.,Johnson G., McNulty S.E.,
     Clapp-Channing N., Davidson-Ray L.D., Fraulo E.S., Fishbein D.P., Luceri
     R.M., Ip J.H. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter–defibrillator
     for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med2005;352:225–237.

258. Hohnloser S.H., Kuck K.H., Dorian P., Roberts R.S., Hampton J.R.,
     Hatala R., Fain E., Gent M., Connolly S.J.Prophylactic use of an
     implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial
     infarction. N Engl J Med2004;351:2481–2488.

259. TeinbeckG., AndresenD., SeidlK., BrachmannJ., HoffmannE.,
     WojciechowskiD., Kornacewicz-JachZ., SredniawaB., LupkovicsG.,
     HofgärtnerF., LubinskiA., RosenqvistM., HabetsA., WegscheiderK.,
     SengesJ. Defibrillatorimplantationearlyaftermyocardialinfarction. N Engl
     J Med 2009;361:1427–1436.

260. Steinberg B.A., AlKhatib S.M., Edwards R., Han J., Bardy G.H.,
     Bigger J.T., Buxton A.E., Moss A.J., Lee K.L.,Steinman R., Dorian P.,
     Hallstrom A., Cappato R., Kadish A.H., Kudenchuk P.J., Mark D.B., Inoue
     LYT, Sanders G.D.Outcomes of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator use
     in patients with comorbidities: results from a combined analysis of 4
     randomized clinical trials. JACC Heart Fail 2014;2:623–629.

261. Raphael C.E., Finegold J.A., Barron A.J., Whinnett Z.I., Mayet J.,
     Linde C., Cleland JGF., Levy W.C., Francis D.P. The effect of duration
     of follow-up and presence of competing risk on lifespan-gain from
     implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy: who benefits the most?
     Eur Heart J 2015;36:1676–1688.

262. Miller RJH., Howlett J.G., Exner D.V., Campbell P.M., Grant
     ADM.,Wilton S.B. Baseline functional class and therapeutic efficacy of
     common heart failure interventions: a systematic review and
     meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol2015;31:792–799.

263. Hess P.L., AlKhatib S.M., Han J.Y., Edwards R., Bardy G.H., Bigger
     J.T., Buxton A., Cappato R., Dorian P.,Hallstrom A., Kadish A.H.,
     Kudenchuk P.J., Lee K.L., Mark D.B., Moss A.J., Steinman R., Inoue LYT,
     Sanders G. Survival benefit of the primary prevention implantable
     cardioverter-defibrillator among older patients: does age matter? An
     analysis of pooled data from 5 clinical trials. Circ Cardiovasc Qual
     Outcomes 2015;8:179–186.

264. Merchant F.M., Jones P., Wehrenberg S., Lloyd M.S., Saxon L.A.
     Incidence of defibrillator shocks after elective generator exchange
     following uneventful first battery life. J Am Heart Assoc
     2014;3:e001289.

265. Yap S-C., Schaer B.A., Bhagwandien R.E., Kuhne M., Dabiri Abkenari
     L., Osswald S., Szili-Torok T., Sticherling C.,Theuns D.A. Evaluation of
     the need of elective implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator
     replacement in primary prevention patients without prior appropriate ICD
     therapy. Heart 2014;100:1188–1192.

266. Kini V., Soufi M.K., Deo R., Epstein A.E., Bala R., Riley M.,
     Groeneveld P.W., Shalaby A., Dixit S. Appropriateness of primary
     prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillators at the time of
     generator replacement: are indications still met? J Am Coll Cardiol
     2014;63:2388–2394.

267. Erkapic D., Sperzel J., Stiller S., Meltendorf U., Mermi J.,
     Wegscheider K., Hügl B. Long-term benefit of implantable
     cardioverter/defibrillator therapy after elective device replacement:
     Results of the INcidence free SUrvival after ICD REplacement (INSURE)
     trial—a prospective multicentre study. Eur Heart J 2013;34:130–137.

268. Alsheikh-Ali A.A., Homer M., Maddukuri P.V., Kalsmith B., Estes
     NAM, Link M.S. Time-dependence of appropriate implantable defibrillator
     therapy in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc
     Electrophysiol2008;19:784–789.

269. Opreanu M., Wan C., Singh V., Salehi N., Ahmad J., Szymkiewicz
     S.J., Thakur R.K. Wearable cardioverter-defibrillator as a bridge to
     cardiac transplantation: a national database analysis. J Heart Lung
     Transplant2015;34:1305–1309.

270. Zishiri E.T., Williams S., Cronin E.M., Blackstone E.H., Ellis
     S.G., Roselli E.E., Smedira N.G., Gillinov A.M., Glad J.A.,Tchou P.J.,
     Szymkiewicz S.J., Chung M.K. Early risk of mortality after coronary
     artery revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
     and potential role of the wearable cardioverter defibrillator. Circ
     Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2013;6:117–128.

271. Chung M.K., Szymkiewicz S.J., Shao M., Zishiri E., Niebauer M.J.,
     Lindsay B.D., Tchou PJ. Aggregate national experience with the wearable
     cardioverter-defibrillator. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;56:194–203.

272. Stewart G.C., Givertz M.M. Mechanical circulatory support for
     advanced heart failure: patients and technology in evolution.
     Circulation 2012;125:1304–1315.

273. Schmidt M., Burrell A., Roberts L., Bailey M., Sheldrake J., Rycus
     P.T., Hodgson C.,Scheinkestel C., Cooper D.J., Thiagarajan R.R., Brodie
     D., Pellegrino V., Pilcher D. Predictingsurvival after ECMO for
     refractory cardiogenic shock: the survival afterveno-arterial-ECMO
     (SAVE)-score. Eur Heart J 2015;36:1–11;

274. Riebandt J., Haberl T., Mahr S., Laufer G., Rajek A., Steinlechner
     B., Schima H., Zimpfer D. Preoperative patient optimization using
     extracorporeal life supportimproves outcomes of INTERMACS level I
     patients receiving a permanent ventricularassist device. Eur J
     CardiothoracSurg2014; 46:486–492;

275. Cheng J.M., den Uil C.A., Hoeks S.E., van der Ent M., Jewbali
     L.S.D., van Domburg R.T., Serruys P.W. Percutaneous left ventricular
     assist devices vs. intra-aortic balloonpump counterpulsation for
     treatment of cardiogenic shock: a meta-analysis ofcontrolled trials. Eur
     Heart J 2009; 30:2102–2108;

276. O’NeillW.W., Kleiman N.S., Moses J., Henriques J.P.S., Dixon S.,
     Massaro J., Palacios I.,Maini B., Mulukutla S., Dzˇavı´k V., Popma J.,
     Douglas P.S., Ohman M. A prospective,randomized clinical trial of
     hemodynamic support with impella 2.5 versusintra-aortic balloon pump in
     patients undergoing high-risk percutaneous coronaryintervention: the
     PROTECT II study. Circulation 2012;126:1717–1727;

277. Rahmel A, ed. Eurotransplant International Foundation Annual Report
     2013.Leiden,The Netherlands: CIP-GegevensKoninklijkeBibliotheek, 2013;

278. Trivedi J.R., Cheng A., Singh R., Williams M.L., Slaughter M.S.
     Survival on the hearttransplant waiting list: impact of continuous flow
     left ventricular assist device asbridge to transplant. Ann
     ThoracSurg2014;98:830–834;

279. Birks E.J., Tansley P.D., Hardy J., George R.S., Bowles C.T., Burke
     M., Banner N.R.,Khaghani A., Yacoub M.H. Left ventricular assist device
     and drug therapy for thereversal of heart failure. N Engl J Med
     2006;355:1873–1884;

280. Dandel M., Knosalla C., Hetzer R. Contribution of ventricular
     assist devices to therecovery of failing hearts: a review and the Berlin
     Heart Center Experience. Eur JHeart Fail 2014;16:248–263;

281. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis andtreatment of acute and
     chronic heart failure European Heart Journal (2016) 37,
     2129–2200doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128;

282. Estep J., Starling R.C., Horstmanshof D.A., Milano C.A., Selzman
     C.H., Shah K.B.,Loebe M., Moazami N., Long J.W., Stehlik J., Kasirajan
     V., Haas D.C., O’Connell J.B.,Boyle A.J., Farrar D.J., Rogers J.G. Risk
     assessment and comparative effectiveness ofleft ventricular assist
     device and medical management in ambulatory heart failurepatients:
     results from the ROADMAP study. J AmCollCardiol2015;66:1747–1761;

283. Rose E.A., Gelijns A.C., Moskowitz A.J., Heitjan D.F., Stevenson
     L.W., Dembitsky W., Long J.W., Ascheim D.D., Tierney A.R., Levitan R.G.,
     Watson J.T., Meier P., Ronan N.S., Shapiro P.A., Lazar R.M., Miller
     L.W., Gupta L., Frazier O.H., Desvigne-Nickens P., Oz M.C., Poirier V.L.
     Long-term use of a left ventricular assistdevice for end-stage heart
     failure. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1435–1443;

284. Slaughter M.S., Rogers J.G., Milano C.А., Russell S.D., Conte J.V.,
     Feldman D., Sun B., Tatooles A.J., Delgado R.M., Long J.W., Wozniak
     T.C., Ghumman W., Farrar D.J.,Frazier O.H. Advanced heart failure
     treated with continuous-flow left ventricularassist device. N Engl J Med
     2009;361:2241–2251;

285. Slaughter M.S., Rogers J.G., Milano C.A. et al. Advanced heart
     failuretreated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. N
     Engl J Med. 2009;361 (23):2241–2251.

286. O’Connor C.M., Whellan D.J., Lee K.L., Keteyian S.J., Cooper L.S,
     Ellis S.J., LeiferE.S.,Kraus W.E., Kitzman D.W., Blumenthal J.A.,
     Rendall D.S., Miller N.H., FlegJ.L.,Schulman K.A., McKelvie R.S., Zannad
     F., Pin˜a I.L., HF-ACTION Investigators. Efficacyand safety of exercise
     training in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTIONrandomized
     controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1439–1450.

287. Taylor RS, Sagar VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJ, Dalal H, Lough
     F, Rees K, Singh S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure.
     Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;4:CD003331.

288. Nolte K, Herrmann-Lingen C, Wachter R, Gelbrich G, Dungen H-D,
     Duvinage A, Hoischen N, Von Oehsen K, Schwarz S, Hasenfuss G, Halle M,
     Pieske B, Edelmann F. Effects of exercise training on different quality
     of life dimensions in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction:
     the Ex-DHF-P trial. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2015;22:582–593.

289. IsmailH,McFarlane JR,Nojoumian AH, Dieberg G, Smart NA. Clinical
     outcomes and cardiovascular responses to different exercise training
     intensities in patients with heart failure: a systematic review and
     meta-analysis. JACC Heart Fail 2013;1:514–522.

290. Feltner C, Jones CD, Cene´ CW, Zheng Z-J, Sueta CA, Coker-Schwimmer
     EJLL, Arvanitis M, Lohr KN, Middleton JC, Jonas DE. Transitional care
     interventions to prevent readmissions for persons with heart failure: |
     systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:774–784.

291. McAlister FA, Stewart S, Ferrua S, McMurray JJ. Multidisciplinary
     strategies for the management of heart failure patients at high risk for
     admission: a systematic review of randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol
     2004;44:810–819.

292. Phillips CO, Wright SM, Kern DE, Singa RM, Shepperd S, Rubin HR.
     Comprehensive discharge planning with postdischarge support for older
     patients with congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis. JAMA
     2004;291:1358–1367.

293. Stewart S, Vandenbroek AJ, Pearson S, Horowitz JD. Prolonged
     beneficial effects of a home-based intervention on unplanned
     readmissions and mortality among patients with congestive heart failure.
     Arch Intern Med 1999;159:257–261.

294. Schou M, Gustafsson F, Videbaek L, Tuxen C, Keller N, Handberg J,
     Sejr Knudsen A, Espersen G, Markenvard J, Egstrup K, Ulriksen H,
     Hildebrandt PR. Extended heart failure clinic follow-up in low-risk
     patients: a randomized clinical trial (NorthStar). Eur Heart J
     2013;34:432–442.

295. Luttik MLA, Jaarsma T, van Geel PP, Brons M, Hillege HL, Hoes AW,
     de Jong R, Linssen G, Lok DJA, Berge M, van Veldhuisen DJ. Long-term
     follow-up in optimally treated and stable heart failure patients:
     primary care vs. heart failure clinic. Results of the COACH-2 study. Eur
     J Heart Fail 2014;16:1241–1248.

296. AbrahamWT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Aaron MF, Costanzo MR, Stevenson
     LW, Strickland W, Neelagaru S, Raval N, Krueger S, Weiner S, Shavelle D,
     Jeffries B, Yadav JS. Wireless pulmonary artery haemodynamic monitoring
     in chronic heart failure: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet
     2011;377:658–666.

297. Abraham WT, Stevenson LW, Bourge RC, Lindenfeld JA, Bauman JG,
     Adamson PB. Sustained efficacy of pulmonary artery pressure to guide
     adjustment of chronic heart failure therapy: complete follow-up results
     from the CHAMPION randomised trial. Lancet 2016;387:453–461.

298. Hindricks G, Taborsky M, Glikson M, Heinrich U, Schumacher B, Katz
     A, Brachmann J, Lewalter T, Goette A, Block M, Kautzner J, Sack S,
     Husser D, Piorkowski C, Søgaard P. Implant-based multiparameter
     telemonitoring of patients with heart failure (IN-TIME): a randomised
     controlled trial. Lancet 2014; 384:583–590.