Подберите пары синонимов ordinarily primarily

Другие языки

Primarily adverb — For the most part.

Usage example: ketchup is primarily made from tomatoes

Ordinarily and primarily are semantically related. Sometimes you can use «Ordinarily» instead an adverb «Primarily».

II hissəyə dair sözlər

Слова к части II
quantity [‘kwntıtı] n kəmiyyət ( количество)

sur­f­ace [‘sə:fıs] n səth, поверхность

fat [fæt] n piy (жир) convex [‘knvəks] а qabarıq выпуклый

concave [‘knkeıv] а əyilmiş, çökmüş

(вaгнутый впалый)

extend [ıks’tend] v genişləndirmək,

un­it [‘ju:nıt] n vahid (единица) вытягивать, растягивать

solid [‘s‘lıd] n möhkəm, möhkəm bə­­dən, твердое те­ло

extension [ıks’ten∫n] n genişlənmə, вытяжение рас­тя­же-ние, распространение

po­is­on [‘pızn] v zəhərləmək, (отравлять)

urea [‘ju:ərıə] n sidik cövhəri ( мочевина)

knot [nt] n düyün, узел
Çalışmalar

Упражнения
Çalışma 1. Sinonim cütlüklərini seçin

Упражнение 1. Подберите пары синонимов.

waste products, much, amount, stop, also, a good deal, cease, waste matters, too, quantity
Çalışma 2.Antonim cütlüklərini seçin.

Упражнение 2. Подберите пары антонимов.

large, to join, concave, inner, outwards, to separate, outer, convex, inwards, minute

Çalışma 3. Aşağıdakı cümlələri tərcümə edin. Certain, cause, to regard, sözlərinin mənasını yadda saxlayın.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие пред­ло­же­ния. Запомните значение слов certain, cause, to regard.

1. The chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids from the blood. 2. The kidneys may be regarded as filters through which the whole blood of the body passes, and which remove from the blood a sub­stance that is called urea together with other impurities. 3. If the kidneys cease to work from any cause, the blood will become poisonous.
The Kidneys
Kidneys are a pair of glands which are situated close to the spine in the upper part of the abdomen. They are on a level with the last dorsal and upper two lumbar vertebrae. They are kept in this position by a quantity of fat, loose connective tissue, in which they are embedded, and the large vessels which have to supply them with blood.

Structure. In size each kidney is about 4 inches long, 2.5 inches wide, 1.5 inches thick, and weighs over 4 ounces. The size, however, may vary a good deal. The left kidney is slightly longer and narrower, and lies a little higher in the abdomen than the right.

Since the outer margin of the kidney is convex, the inner is concave. It presents a deep depression, which is known as the hilus, where the vessels enter its substance. At the hilus the renal vein lies in front of the renal artery, the former joins the inferior vena cava, and the latter springs from the aorta almost at a right angle.

Vertical section through a kidney allows to disclose three concentric zones. The outer light-coloured zone is the renal cortex, within this is the darker renal medulla and within this again is a space — the renal sinus which is normally, occupied by fibrous sac, the renal pelvis. The cortex extends inwards in a series of renal columns which divide the medulla into a number of renal pyramids.

Within the cortex each minute artery presents a vascular knot, a glomer­ulus. Each glomerulus projects into the end of its corresponding renal tubule, which is separated by a thin layer of cells, glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule;

glomerulus plus capsule forms a renal (Malpighian) corpuscle. A renal cor­puscle with tubules and blood vessels is called a renal unit, or nephron.

Function. One chief function of the kidneys is to separate fluid and certain solids form the blood. The glomeruli are to filter from the blood the non-protein portion of the plasma. It is estimated that in 24 hours the total human glomeruli will be able to filter between 150 and 200 litres, 99 per cent of which is reabsorbed by the tubules.

The kidneys are to be regarded as filters through which the whole blood of the body passes and which remove from the blood a substance, urea, together with other impurities, which together constitute, the urine.

The cleansed blood passes on in its vessels, and the urine drains into the ureters and finally into the bladder. If the kidneys cease to work the blood will become poisonous because of the accumulation of the waste matters.
Çalışma 4. Hər mülahizəni tərcümə edin.Mətndə olan mülahizələri daha dolğun ifadə edən cümlələri tapın və onları oxuyun.

Упражнение 4. Прочтите каждое суждение. Най­ди­те в тексте предложе­ния, более полно выража­ю­щие мысль данных суждений, и прочтите их.

1. Kidneys are situated close to the spine. 2. The vessels enter the substance of the kidney at the hilus. 3. The renal cortex, renal medulla and renal sinus are three concentric zones of the kidney. 4. The kidneys may be regarded as filters.

III hissə

Часть III

6-cı dərsə aid ümumiləşdirici yoxlama çalışmalar

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку
Çalışma 1. Xəbəri keçmiş zaman formasında olan cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Найдите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния, где сказуемое стоит и прошедшем времени.

1. The renal blood vessels can be constricted or dilated. 2. The pa­tient was allowed to take this analgetic. 3. The boy will be able to walk by himself. 4. The inflow of blood had to be diminished when the renul blood vessels were constricted.

Çalışma 2. To have felinin zərurilik bildirdiyi cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin

Упражнение 2. Найдите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния, где глагол to have ныражает долженствование.

1. The bowels have the function to secrete the end products of digestion. 2. The lungs have to excrete carbon dioxide and water. 3.The boy has been recently examined in a surgical department for intestinal pains. 4. Carbon dioxide is a gas which has to be eliminated from the body.
Çalışma 3. Ayrılmış feli xəbərlərin gələcək zamanda tərcümə olunduğu cümlələri tapın və tərcümə edin

Упражнение 3. Найдите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния, где выделенные гла- голы-сказуемые переводятся бу­дущим временем.

1. When a person suffers from a severe pain he has to consult a doctor. 2. If there is any disfunction of the kid­ney, it will affect the process of urine formation. 3. When the renal blood vessels are dilated, the inflow of blo­od will increase. 4. If the renal blood vessels are cons­tric­ted, less urine will be formed.

Çalışma 4. As və since bağlayıcısı olan cümlələri ta­pın və tərcümə edin

Упражнение 4. Найдите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния, где as и since являются союзами.

1. Waste products such as products of albuminous nut­rition are ex­creted by the kidneys. 2. Since water is ta­ken into the body, some of it is excreted through the lungs and perspiration. 3. The kidneys contain a large number of ner­ve fibres as their work is regulated by the nervous sys­tem. 4. As the renal blood vessels are dilated, the urine for­mation is changed. 5. Since last week there was no pro­tein or sugar in the urine analysis. 6. Some waste materials are carried to the bladder and excreted as urine.

II. Physiology

^

BLOOD CIRCULATION
1. İndiki zaman feli sifəti (Feli sifət I) və keçmiş zaman feli sifəti (FeliII) təyin funksiyasında

Причастия I и II в функции определения

2. Zamanların uzlaşması

Согласование времен

3. After, before sözönlərinin funksiyası

Функции слов after, before
Часть I

Слова к части I
stain [steın] v rəngləmək, ləkə ( окрашивать; п пя­тно­)­

leucocyte [‘lju:kəsaıt] n leykosit (лейкоцит)

lymphocyte [‘lımfəsaıt] n limfosit ( лимфоцит)

major [‘med3ə] а böyük, daha vacib (большой, более важный)

majority [mə’d3rıtı] n əksəriyyət (большинство)

dye [daı] n rəngləyici; v rəngləmək (краситель; красить)

wound [wu:nd] n yara (рана)

attract [ə’trækt] v cəlb etmək, çəkmək (привлекать, при—тягивать)

phagocyte [‘fægəsaıt] n faqosit ( фагоцит)

phagocytosis [,fægəsaı’tousıs] n faqositar (фаго—цитоз)

node [noud] n düyün (узел)

neutrophil [‘nju:trəfıl] n neytrofil (нейтрофил)

increase [ın’kri:s] v gücləndirmək, çoxaltma, artma (усиливать (ся), увеличиваться)

invade [ınveıd] v daxil olmaq, soxulmaq (вто­р­га­ть­ся­)

lobe [loub] n pay (доля)

nucleus [‘nju:klıəs] (pl. nuclei [nju:klıaı]) n nüvə, (я­д­ро)

succeed [sək‘si:d] v izləmək, əvəz etmək, следовать за чем- л.; преуспевать

success [sək’ses] n uğur, müvəffəqiyyət, успех

neutrophil [‘nju:trəfıl] n neytrofil (нейтрофил)

thus [ðΛs] adv beləliklə, bu minvalla (так, таким обра­зом)

trap [træp] v tələyə salmaq, (захватывать)
Çalışmalar

Упражнения
Çalışma 1. Aşağıdakı birləşmələrdə feli sifət I və II formalarını tapın. Onları tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 1. Найдите в следующих со­че­та­ни­ях слов формы причастий I и II. Переведите их.

1. the urinary system consisting of two kid­ney­s­;­ the ureters conducting the urine from the kidneys; a tube lea­ding from the bladder; tubules making up the pa­renc­hy­ma of the kidneys
2. a thin capillary network called glomerulus; urea dissolved in water; blood vessels straped like a ball

Çalışma 2. Aşağıdakı cümlələri müqayisə edin. Qay­danın işlənməsini izah edin.

Упражнение 2. Сравните следующие пред­ло­же­ния. Объясните употребление правила.

Çalışma 3. Hansı cümlələrdə feli xəbərin keçmiş zamanı indiki zamanda tərcümə olunur.Verilmiş cümlələri tərcümə edin

Упражнение 3. Определите, в каких пред­ло­же­ни­­ях прошедшее время глаго­ла-сказуемого пер­ево­дит­ся настоящим временем. Переведите данные пред­ло­жения.

1. It was found that after ligation of the common du­ct in dogs a rise in the bilirubin concentration of the blo­od did not occur. 2. The patient said that he felt better. 3. Many authors stated that the new methods of treatment of gastric ulcer had been used successfully. 4. It was proved that saliva varied according to metabolic status and changes in diet. 5. Mechnikov thought that the ex­treme age attained by Bulgarian peasants resulted from the use of sour goat milk and the growth in the colon of the milk-souring bacterium «Bacillus bulgaricus». 6. Galen thought that the heart was the source of the body’s heat.

Çalışma 4. After, before sözləri işlənən cümlələri oxu­­yun və tərcümə edin

Упражнение 4 . Прочтите и переведите пред­ло­же­ния со словами after, before.

1. Will you return your textbooks to the library before your examinations start? 2. The animal died on the 3rd day after innoculation. 3. The patient felt bad before the operation on his kidney. 4. The blood after circulation in the glomerulus emerges into capillaries on the walls of the uriniferous tubes. 5. He never met the man before. 6. After the food leaves the stomach it is acted on by several digestive enzymes.

Çalışma 5. Aşağıdakı sözlər qrupunu oxuyun və tər­cü­mə edin

Упражнение 5. Прочтите и переведите сле­дую­щие гнезда слов. —

1. (to) increase, increasing, increased; 2. to invade, in­va­der, invad­ing; 3. (to) wound, wounded; 4. to succeed, success, sifccessive, succes­sion, successively; 5. to attract, attraction, attractive; 6. (to) dye, dye­ing, dyed; 7. (to) stain, stained, staining, stainless
Çalışma 6. A mətnini nəzərdən keçirin və mətndə iki hü­ceyrə tipi haqqında nə deyildiyini söyləyin.

Упражнение 6. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, что говорится в тексте о двух типах клеток.
Text A

Leucocytes and Lymphocytes

1. Leucocytes. About 65 per cent of all white cells are leucocytes. Their protoplasm contains granules. Those leu­cocytes that stain neutral dyes – as the majority do – are called neutrophils. About 1.5 per cent of the total stain with acid dyes and are called eosinophils. And a still smaller number, 0.5 per cent, have granules that stain with basic dyes: these are called basophils. The percentage of oesinophils increases greatly when parasites invade the bo­dy.
2. One characteristic of leucocytes is the irregular, or lobed, appearance of the nucleus. The number of lobes is an index to the cell’s age. Ordinarily, about 45 percent of all leucocytes is short, from four to twelve days.
3. The function of leucocytes is primarily that of protection against infection. After the skin is pierced and the wound becomes infected, leucocytes from all the body are attracted to this place. Just what attracts them is not known – the process is called chemotaxis – probably some by-product of bacterial metabolism. When they arrive at the wound, they leave the blood stream. They wage war on the invaders, engulfing the bacteria within their own protoplasm, a process called phagocytosis (literally «cell-eating»). Before the infection is not too overwhelming, the victory usually goes to the leucocytes.
4. Lymphocytes. These cells, which comprise about 35 per cent of the white cells, have a nucleus which practically fills the cell. They are produced in lymph nodes scattered throughout the body: the tonsils are examples of lymph nodes. They live only a few capables only a few hours after they leave the blood stream. They are incapable of movement and thus cannot pursue bacteria and have little cytoplasm so that phagocytosis is practically out of the question. Bacteria trapped in lymph nodes provoke the formation of them. Unfortunately if the infection is overwhelming, the lymph nodes themselvs become infected. Thus in guinea pigs it has been possible to trace the route of tubercle bacilli from the intestines to the lungs, as the route is marked by successively infected lymph nodes.

Notes
1. life span həyat müddəti; продолжительность жиз­ни

Çalışma 7. 1) A mətnin oxuyun və tərcümə edin. 3-cü­ abzası yazılı tərcümə edin. 2) A mətnində aşağıdakı su­al­lara cavab tapın.

Упражнение 7. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Абзац 3 переведите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. What is the difference between neutrophils, ba­so­phils and eosino­phils? 2. When does the percentage of eo­sin­o­phils increase? 3. The process of chemotaxis means «cell-eating», doesn’t it? 4. What stimu­lates the formation of lymphocytes? 5. When do the lymph nodes be­come infected? 6. What kind of experiment is performed to pro­ve this statement?

Çalışma 8. Sinonim cütlüklərini seçin.

Упражнение 8. Подберите пары синонимов.

ordinarily, primarily, to consist of, all over, about, chiefly, through­out, usually, approximately, to comprise
Çalışma 9. İndiki və keçmiş zaman feli sifətin iş-lən­diyi cümlələri tərcümə edin.

Упражнение 9. Переведите следующие пред­лож­ен­ия с причастиями I и II.

1. One of the most important functions served by blood cells is the ingestion of foreign particles. 2. The blood is not the only fluid trans­porting material to dif­fe­rent parts of the body. 3. The blood plasma contains among other things a soluble protein known as fibrinogen.

4. Blood and lymph are composed of cells dispended and carried within a watery fluid. 5. Leucocytes are di­vi­ded into two major types: granulo­cytes, containing large gra­nules in their cytoplasm and granulocytes lacking gra­nu­les in their cytoplasm.
Çalışma 10. Aşağıdakı cümlələri tərcümə edin. Za­man­ların uzlaşdığı cümlələri göstərin.

Упражнение 10. Переведите следующие пред­ло­же­ния. Определите, в каких предложениях ис­поль­зу­ют­ся правила согласования времен.

1. Galen thought that the heart was the source of the body’s heat and that the blood was the oil which fed the flame. 2. It was established that the exact form of the corpuscle was dependent upon the osmotic pres­sure of the fluid in which it is immersed for examination. 3. Fry consid­ered that the blood platelets in man arose from the erythrocytes. 4. It has been commonly stated that the he­mog­­lobin served as the carrier of oxygen. 5. It was de­mon­­strated that rhythmic contractions would not continue long when sodium chloride was absent.

II hissə

1. Дайте английские
   эквиваленты следующих слов (10 баллов):

1. Лейкоцит
   6) вторгаться

2. Большой
   7) таким образом

3. Рана
   фагоцит

4. Узел
   9) выброс

5. Успех
   10) объём

1. Подберите пары
   антонимов (5 баллов):

Agree,
regular, to arrive, usually, fortunately, to leave, irregular,
unfortunately, unusually, disagree.

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания, обращая
   внимание на Причастие I,
   II
   в функции определения (10 баллов):

A
process called phagocytosis; protoplasm containing granules; a
wounded man; the blood taken; the factor affecting.

1. Дайте
   производные от следующих слов, переведите
   их (5 баллов):

To
invade (2 слова),
to succeed (3 слова).

1. Раскройте скобки,
   используя причастия I
   и II.
   Переведите данные предложения (20
   баллов):

1. The
   system (выводящая)
   the largest part of the waste products of the body is called the
   urinary system.

2. The
   capsule (окружённая)
   by perirenal fat is called the adipose capsule.

3. The
   urethra is a tube (ведущая)
   from the bladder.

4. Each
   renal artery branches into many small arteries (которые
   называют)
   arterioles.

1. Переведите данные
   предложения на русский язык (20 баллов):

1. The number of lobes is an index
   to the cell’s age.

2. The life span of a leucocyte is
   short, from four to twelve days.

3. When they arrive at the wound,
   they leave the blood stream.

4. Galen thought that the heart was
   the source of the body’s heat.

Лексико-грамматическая
контрольная работа № 7

Тема: Кровообращение

Уровень
В

Вариант
1

1. Дайте английские
   эквиваленты следующих слов (10 баллов):

1. Лимфоцит
   6) доля

2. Окрашивать
   7) захватывать

3. Большинство
   добавлять

4. Привлекать
   9) ответный

5. Фагоцитоз
   10) считать, полагать

1. Подберите пары
   синонимов (5 баллов):

Ordinarily,
primarily, to consist of, all over, about, chiefly, throughout,
usually, approximately, to comprise.

1. Образуйте форму
   инфинитива от следующих глагольных
   форм, переведите их (5 баллов):

Was,
beating, will supply, responded, are able to.

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания, обращая
   внимание на Причастие I,
   II
   в функции определения (10 баллов):

Urea
dissolved in water; a tube leading from the bladder; the ureters
conducting the urine from the kidneys; the agents increasing; protein
known.

1. Укажите и переведите
   предложения, где after
   и before
   являются союзами (20 баллов):

1. After the
   blood was exposed to the air, the process of clotting began.

2. Before blood transfusion, it is
   ideal to have donor and recipient of the same blood group.

3. After
   hemoglobin with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin is formed.

4. Lavoisier
   found that consumption of oxygen was greater after the ingestion of
   food than before.

1. Перевести
   предложения, обращая внимания на функции
   причастия (20 баллов):

1. Even the
   heart forced to beat rapidly maintains a perfectly rhythmic beat.

2. One of the
   most important functions served by blood cells is the ingestion of
   foreign particles.

3. The blood plasma contains among
   other things a soluble protein known as fibrinogen.

4. Blood and lymph are composed of
   cells carried within a watery fluid.

1. Переведите
   предложение на английский язык (10
   баллов):

Обычно,
около 45% всех лейкоцитов имеют ядро,
состоящее из трёх долей.

Лексико-грамматическая
контрольная работа № 7

Тема: Кровообращение

Уровень В

Вариант 2

1. Дайте английские
   эквиваленты следующих слов (10 баллов):

1. Красить
   6)
   свойство

2. Нейтрофил
   7)
   расслабляться

3. Усиливать (ся)
   
   добавочный

4. Последовательный
   9)
   значительный

5. Ядро
   10)
   удар

1. Подберите пары
   синонимов (5 баллов):

Soon,
which, readily, heart, quickly, nourish, that, easily, cardiac, feed.

1. Образуйте форму
   инфинитива от следующих глагольных
   форм, переведите их (5 баллов):

Has
to, is allowed to, protected, staining, knew.

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания, обращая
   внимание на Причастие I,
   II
   в функции определения (10 баллов):

the
capsule surrounded; the doctor examining the patient; the urinary
system consisting of two kidneys; wound infected; fluid transporting.

1. Укажите и переведите
   придаточные предложения, где сказуемые
   переводятся настоящим временем (20
   баллов):

1. It is written that the blood was
   taken yesterday.

2. Early Greeks considered that it
   was possible to transfuse animal blood to people.

3. They are
   informed that conserved blood was brought two days ago.

4. The doctor was sure that the
   patient’s blood belonged to the first group.

1. Переведите
   предложения на русский язык, обращая
   внимания на функции причастия (20 баллов):

1. There is a substance in the
   blood called prothrombin.

2. The volume expelled by the right
   ventricle is the same as the left one.

3. The blood
   returned to the heart through the veins, is suddenly increased.

4. The second factor affecting
   cardiac output is the stroke volume.

1. Переведите
   предложение на английский язык (10
   баллов):

Камеры сердца
способны снабжать дополнительной
кровью.

Лексико-грамматическая
контрольная работа № 7

Тема: Кровообращение

Уровень C

Вариант 1

1. Дайте английские
   эквиваленты следующих слов (10 баллов):

1. Реагировать
   6)
   хотя,
   несмотря

2. Расслабление
   7)
   добавление

3. Ответ, отклик
   
   количество

4. Заставлять
   9)
   причина

5. Поддерживать
   10)
   целый, весь,
   полный

1. Распределите слова в таблицу по частям
   речи (20 баллов):

Invader,
think, successfully, metabolic, said, improvement, succeed,
percentage, greatly, lobes, stainless, attractive, uriniferous,
amplify, successively, common, duct, neutral, arrive, probably.

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания, обращая
   внимание на Причастие I,
   II
   в функции определения (10 баллов):

The food leaving the stomach;
tubules making up the parenchyma of the kidneys; granules stained
with basic dyes; the percentage of oesinophils increased; the route
marked.

1. Дайте перевод
   служебных слов (10 баллов):

Soon,
which, after, because, before, few, thus, though, that is, ever.

1. Переведите
   предложения, обращая внимания на функции
   причастия (20 баллов):

1. The rest
   period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in preparation
   for the next beat.

2. The second factor affecting
   cardiac output is the stroke volume.

3) Before
blood transfusion, it is ideal to have donor and recipient of the
same blood group.

4) The
period of time during which the muscle is not responsive to a
stimulus is called the refractory period.

VI. Переведите
предложения на английский язык (30 баллов)

1) Лейкоциты имеют
ядра, состоящие из 3 долек.

2) Лейкоциты
составляют около 65% всех белых клеток.

3) Лимфоциты имеют
ядро, которое практически заполняет
клетку.

Лексико-грамматическая
контрольная работа №7

Тема Кровообращение

Уровень С

Вариант 2

I. Дайте
английские эквиваленты следующих слов
(10 баллов):

1) последовательный;
6) свойство;

2) таким образом;
7) значительный;

3) захватывать;
поддерживать;

4) добавление;
9) удар;

5) объём;
10)
узел.

1. Распределите слова в таблицу по частям
   речи (20 баллов):

Type; divide;
ingestion; unusually; incapable; route; practically; comprise;
soluble;
fluid; condition; dense; experimental; presumably; perform; contain;
foreign; chamber; amount; additional.

1. Переведите
   следующие словосочетания, обращая
   внимание на Причастие I,
   II
   в функции определения (10 баллов):

The
factor increasing the blood amount; the clotting mechanism; a
substance called prothrombin; a tube leading from the bladder.

IV.
Дайте перевод служебных слов (10 баллов):

However,
due to, thus, except ,before, through, till, as, never, that

V.
Переведите предложения, обращая внимания
на функции причастия (20 баллов):

1.
It is known that the heart is beating in the embryos before it is
supplied with nerves.

2.
It was demonstrated that rhythmic contractions would not continue
long when sodium chloride was absent.

3.
Before the infection is not too overwhelming, the victory usually
goes to the leucocytes.

4.
The
pressure in the aorta is about six times as great as in pulmonary
artery.

VI.
Переведите предложения на английский
язык (30 баллов):

1. Одна
   из самых важных функций клеток крови
   – это поглощение инородных частиц.

2. Плазма
   крови содержит растворимый белок
   известный как фибриноген.

3. Пациент
   чувствовал себя плохо до операции на
   сердце.

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Слова к части I ¹

J

Ntain [stein] v окрашивать; ппятно increase [in’kri:s] v усиливать(ся), leucocyte [‘lju:kasait] n лейкоцитувеличиваться); [‘inkri:s] n возра- lymphocyte [limfssait] n лимфоцитстание, увеличение

major [‘meicfea] а большой, более invade [inveid] vвторгаться

важный lobe [loub] nдоля

majority [ma’dtpriti]nбольшинство nucleus [‘nju:klids] (pi.nucleidye [dai] nкраситель; vкрасить [ nju:kliai])nядро

wound [wund] nрана succeed [ssk’sird] vследовать за чем- attract [s’traekt] vпривлекать, при- л.; преуспевать

тягивать success [sak’ses]п успех

phagocyte [‘faegasait]п фагоцит successive [sak’sesiv]а последова- phagocytosis ^faegasai’tousis]п фаго- тельный, следующий один за

цитоз другим

node [noud]п узел thus [9as]advтак, таким образом

neutrophil [‘nju:trafil]п нейтрофил trap [traep] vзахватывать

Упражнения

Упражнение 1. Найдите в следующих сочетаниях слов формы причастий I и II. Переведите их.

1. the urinary system consisting of two kidneys; the ureters conducting the urine from the kidneys; a tube leading from the bladder; tubules making up the parenchyma of the kidneys j ^ / » , r; „
2. a thin capillary network called glomerulus; urea dissolved in water; blood vessels straped like a ball

Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки, используя причастия I и II. Переведитеданныепредложения. .

1. The system (выводящая) the largest part of the waste products of the body is called the urinary system. 2. The capsule (окруженная) by perirenal fat is called the adipose capsule. 3. The urethra is a tube (ведущая) from the bladder. 4. Each renal artery branches into many small arteries (которыеназывают) arterioles. 5. Ureters are muscular tubes (выстланные) with mucous membrane. 6. The agents (увеличивающие) the resistance of the organism to an inflammatory process are: rational diet, balneo- and vitamino- therapy as well as immunotherapy. t

Упражнение 3. Сравните следующие предложения. Объясните употребление правила.

1. She thinks she will pass her win- She thought she would pass her ter exams successfully. winter exams successfully.

1. We know the urinary system consists of two kidneys, ureters, the bladder and the urethra.
2. The doctor says that in this case the operation on the right kidney is necessary.
3. The patient asks whether stones in the kidneys (or in the bladder) are a very common condition.

We knew the urinary system consisted of two kidneys, ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The doctor said in that case the operation on the right kidney had been necessary.

The patient asked whether stones in the kidneys (or in the bladder) were a very common condition.

Blood

beat [bi:tl v бить; пудар;beating

fbi:tir)] пбиениеrelax [ri’laeks] v расслаблятьсяrelaxation [,ri:laek’seijn] n расслабление

property [‘propsti] n свойствоrespond [ris’pond] v реагировать, отвечать

response [ris’pons] n ответ, откликresponsive [ris’ponsiv] аответныйstimulus [‘stimjulas] (pi. stimuli

[‘stimjulai]) n стимулforce [fo:s] v заставлять, принуждатьmaintain [mein’tein] v поддерживать,

сохранятьalthough[э:Гдои]conjхотя, несмотряvolume [voljum] n объемadd [aed] v добавлятьaddition [s’dijn] n добавлениеadditional [d’dijnl] адобавочный,

дополнительный amount [a’maunt] nколичество, сумма

output [‘autput] nвыброс reason[ ri:zn] nпричина, основание consider [kan’sids] vсчитать, полагать

consideration [k9n,sidd’reijn] nсоображение, рассмотрение considerable [k9n’siddrdbl] а значительный

entire [m’tais] а целый, весь, полныйstroke [strouk] nудар

Упражнение 4. Просмотрите текст В (10 мин). 1) Найдите в нем информацию: а) о природе сердечного удара; б) об особенностях мышечной ткани сердца; в) работе желудочков сердца; г) факторах, которые характеризуют работу левого желудочка. 2) Найдите и переведите предложения: а) с причастиями I и II в функции определения; б) со словамиafter, before.

Упражнение 5. Прочтите данные суждения. Найдите в тексте В предложения, более полно выражающие мысль данного суждения, и прочтите их.

1. The heart beat is automatic and perfectly rhythmic. 2. Cardiac muscle tissue has a special property. 3. Both ventricles expel the same volume of blood. 4. The pressure in the aorta is about six times as great as in the pulmonary artery. 5. The inhibition of the vagus and sympathetic centres influences the work of the heart. 6. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». 7. The chambers of the heart are able to supply additional blood.

Text В

Nature оf the Heart Beat

The fact that the heart, completely removed from the body, will go on to beat for a time shows that its beat is «automatic», i.e., does not require nerve impulses.

The beat is rhythmic: it is not jerky; the ventricles relax fully before the next contraction. This is explained by a special property of cardiac muscle tissue. The period of time during which the muscle is not responsive to a stimulus is called the refractory period. It is characteristic of the heart muscle to have a long refractory period. When the heart muscle is stimulated, it will contract but will not respond again to that stimulus (though it may respond to a stronger one) until it has relaxed. This rest period is occupied by the heart filling with blood, in preparation for the next beat. Even the heart forced to beat rapidly maintains a perfectly rhythmic beat; although the beats come closer together, there is always that little rest period in between.

The heart is a pump, but a double pump; the volume expelled by the right ventricle is the same as that expelled by the left. When exercise is suddenly undertaken, the «venous return», i.e. the blood returned to the heart through the veins, is suddenly increased. For a few beats the right ventricle does put out more blood than the left, but soon the additional blood has passed through the lungs and is entering the left ventricle, l Yom then on, both put out the same amount.

The Cardiac Output

Cardiac output refers to the volume of blood which the left ventricle forces into the aorta per minute of time. It must be noted that this term refers to the output of the left ventricle only, and that the total output is twice as much. The reason that the output of the left ventricle is given this special name is that it supplies the entire body (except the lungs) with the blood. Another xeason is that it does a much greater amount of work than does the right, and consequently is more likely to fail.

Cardiac output is the product of two factors: heart rate (the number of beats per minute) and stroke volume (the volume expelled per beat).

1. The heart rate is normally controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and over the sympathetics. Thus, inhibition of the vagus centre speeds up the heart. And inhibition of the sympathetic centre slows down the heart. It seems that in the human most of the effect is achieved by inhibition of the vagal centre of the sympathetic region.
2. The second factor affecting cardiac output is the stroke volume, that is, the amount of blood which the left ventricle ejects per beat. The stroke volume depends upon the «venous return». The normal heart is capable of a considerable degree of enlargement; after the venous return is increased — as it is in exercise — the chambers of the heart are able to supply the additional blood. The walls Of right atrium and the great veins are thin and stretch readily; therefore the heart rate is increased.

The increased venous return in exercise is brought about in the following manner: 1) after muscles contract, they exert a «milking» effect on the blood vessels which they contain. With each contraction, blood is squeezed out¹ into the veins; it cannot be squeezed back into the arteries because the arterial pressure is high — and with each relaxation the blood vessels of the muscle again fill up with blood; 2) in exercise, breathing becomes deeper. The heart lies within the thorax; when the thorax expands, blood is «sucked² into» the heart.

The two factors, working together, lead to the increase of the blood amount returned. First the right side of the heart, and within a few beats the left, are dilated and take bigger «bites» of blood. Thus the stroke volume is increased.

Notes

1. to squeeze out просачиваться
2. to be sucked всасываться

Часть III

Контрольно-обобщающие упражнения к уроку 7

Упражнение 1. Укажите и переведите придаточные предложения, где сказуемые переводятся настоящим временем.

1. Early Greeks considered that it was possible to transfuse animal Mood to people. 2., The doctor was sure that the patient’s blood belonged to the first group.3. It is written that the blood was taken yesterday. 4. Landsteiner showed that people possessed different kinds оI blood. 5 . They are informed that conserved blood was brought two days ago.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 4. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 18 Грамматического справочника.)

Упражнение 2. Укажите, и переведите предложения, где after и before

являются союзами.

1. After the blood was exposed to the air, the process of clotting hegan. 2. Before blood transfusion, it is ideal to have donor and recipient of the same blood group. 3. The clot shrinks after its formation. 4. Lavoisier found that consumption of oxygen was greater after the ingestion of food than before. 5. After haemoglobin combines with oxygen, oxyhemoglobin is formed. 6. Human serum must be diluted about Gne-third with water before the cup-shaped corpuscles will predominate.

(Отает: 1, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 37 Грамматического справочника.) >

Упражнение 3. Укажите и переведите предложения, где причастия I и II являются определением.

1. The clotting mechanism is extremely complex. 2. Fibrin is formed in long, interlacing threads. 3. Fibrin is derived from fibrinogen, which is ordinarily quite stable. 4. Blood platelets rupture readily when they are exposed to any other environment. 5. There is a substance in the blood called prothrombin. 6. The heart rate is controlled by a balance between impulses reaching it over the vagus and the sympathetics.

(Ответ: 1, 2, 5, 6. Если вы ошиблись, повторите § 20 Грамматического справочника.)

participate [pa:’tisipeit] vпринимать участие

influence [‘influsns] nвлияние; vвлиять descend [di’send] vспускаться, сходить size [‘saiz] nразмер certain [‘ssitn] а определенный, некий simultaneous[ simal’teinjas] а одновременный follow [‘folou] vследовать за decrease [di:’kri:s] vуменьшаться, убывать; [‘di:kri:s] nуменьшение, упадок risevподниматься, возвышаться exertion[ig’z3:Jn] nнапряжение accompany[э’клтрэш] vсопровождать

fast [fa:st] а быстрый accelerate [aek’sebreit] vускорять(ся) induce [in’dju:s] vпобуждать, вызывать

accessory [aek’sesari] а добавочный,

вспомогательный, побочный assist [a’sist] vпомогать

When examining his patients the ward doctor usually checks up their blood pressure.

1. When leucocytes arriye at the wound, jlfey leave the blood stream.

2. While leucocytes engulf the bacteria within their own protoplasm,

they wage war on the invaders. 3. When muscles contract, they exert a

milking effect on the blood vessels which they contain.

/ м ‘ i,’^:

Образец 2:When people are hospitalized, they undergo a thorough

medical examination.

When hospitalized, people undergo a thorough medical examination. ‘

1. When the heart muscle is stimulated, it contracts. 2. Medical treatment must be more useful if it is^pplied immediately. 3. Certain drugs may cause serious harm if they are used without doctor’s permission.

Упражнение 3. Определите независимый причастный оборот в следующих предложениях. Переведитепредложения.

1. There is a great deal of difference in the phagocyte activity of corpuscles concerning such substances as carbon and quartz particles, the former being ingested much more rapidly than the latter. 2. During the experiment the node and all efferent vessels were cleaned, care being taken to avoid trauma to the structures. 3. The heart is a double pump, the volumes expelled by the right and left ventricles being the same.

1. The experiment having been finished, we were ready to discuss it.
2. Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heartbeat, the atria and ventricles filling with blood.

у

Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите, какую функцию выполняют словаboth, both… and.

1. When making a transfusion, it is ideal to have both donor and recipient of the same blood group. 2. The teacher showed us the picture of the heart in both systolic and diastolic phases. 3. The pleural surface normally has the tissue on both sides. 4. Heart rate, arterial pressure and cardiac output were examined in both groups of patients. 5. Both blood and lymph protect the body carrying disease-fighting cells (phagocytes) and protein substances called antibodies which combat infection.

1. Both the diaphragm and the ribs move rhythmically and regularly during respiration.

Упражнение 5. Напишите глаголы, от которых образованы следующие существительные. Переведитеих.

inhalation, exhalation, respiration, expansion, exertion, contraction, construction, action, acceleration

Упражнение 6. Прочтите и переведите следующие гнезда слов.

1. to decrease, to increase, decreased, increasing; 2. to participate, participation, participant, participating; 3. to accelerate, acceleration, accelerated, accelerating; 4. to assist, assistance, assistant, assisting; 5. to contract, contraction, contractility, contractile, contracted

Упражнение 7. Прочтите и переведите следующие сочетания слов.

increasing the size of smth, the increased capacity, the contraction of certain muscles, an expansion of the lung, accelerated respiration, to assist in producing inspirations

Упражнение 8. Просмотрите текст А и скажите, что в нем сказан^о движении мышц при дыхании. ^

Text А 1

j

Movements of Breathing Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation

1. Respiration consists of rhythmically repeated inhalations and exhalations. Inhalation takes place as follows: fthe muscles participating in inhalation contract under the influence of nerve impulse^/ While contracting the diaphragm descends (flattens) increasing the vertical size of thoracic cavity. Сontraction of the external intercostal and certain other muscles elevates the ribs increasing both the anteroposterior and transverse size of the thoracic cavity^Thus muscular contraction increases the capacity of the thorax. Since the pleural cavity contains no air and the pressure in it is negative both lungs expand

Fig. 8.Diagram of lungs.

simultaneously with the increase in capacity of the thorax. The lungs expanding, the air pressure in them drops and atmospheric air rushes into the lungs through the air passages. Hence an inhalation involves a contraction of muscles, an increase in the capacity of the thorax, an expansion of the lungs, and entrance of atmospheric air into the lungs through the air passages. { < —

1. Inhalation is followed by exhalation. The muscles participating in inhalation relax, jthe ^apKagm The ribs drop as a result of contraction of the internal intScostar^and other muscles and because of their own weight. The capacity of the thorax decreasing^he lungs become compressed’, ifte pressure in {hetn rises and the air rushes out through the air passages.
2. The respiratory movements are rhythmic. An adult at rest makes 16—20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more movements (a newborn child makes up to 60 movements a minute)/Physical exertion, particularly in untrained people, is usually accompanied by Caster respiration. Accelerated respiration is also observed in many diseases. Sleep is accompanied bwia slowing of respiration.
3. Movements of breathing. Changes in the volume of air in the lungs are brought about by movements both of the diaphragm and ribs^ Contraction of the diaphragm increases the length of the capacity of the chest, while the upward movement of the ribs increases the cross section of the chest. Inspiration is due to contraction of the diaphragm and of the muscles attached to the ribs. These contractions are induced by nervous impulses. Expiration is a less active process than inspiration, for when the muscles relax the elasticity of the lungs themselves tends to drive out the air previously inhaled .’Any impediment to breathing due to pressure or constriction in the respiratory passage^ is especially noticeable during expiration, because it is usually of a passive character.^Vhen the volume of breathing is increased by physical exercise many assessory muscles are involved while producing deeper inspirations. Expiration also involves a Vigorous action of the abdominal muscles. —/

* л

^{V V} ; V X

Упражнение 9. 1) Прочтите и переведите текст А. Первый абзац перевелите письменно. 2) Найдите в тексте А ответы на следующие вопросы и считайте их.

1. How is contraction of the muscles participating in inhalation regulated? 2. Why does the size of the thoracic cavity increase? 3. When is impediment to breathing especially noticeable? 4. What processes does the inhalation (exhalation) involve? 5. What do the movements of the/ diaphragm and ribs bring about?

3) Составьте письменно план текста А. Упражнение 10. Подберитепарысинонимов.

inspiration, to take place, to induce, per minute, respiration, breathing, to cause, to produce, inhalation, to occur, a minute

Упражнение 11.Подберитепарыантонимов.

to compress, inhalation, to contract, to increase, to drop, upward, to decrease, to rise, downward, exhalation, to expand, to relax

Упражнение 12. Переведите следующие предложения, определите функции причастий.

1. For mechanical analysis the respiratory system may be divided into three parts: the gas (in the airways and air spaces), the lung structure, containing the gas, and the thorax containing the lungs. 2. Dynamic increases in airway resistance during expiration set the limit on the ventilatory capacity of the respiratory system in normal and diseased lungs. 3. While flowing through the capillaries the blood accepts the oxygen from the alveolus and deposits carbon dioxide into the alveolus. 4. Airway pressures are not everywhere equal, being most negative in the alveoli. 5. During inspiration pleural pressures become more negative, the widening tendency increasing.

Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Дыхание — это процесс, включающий ритмично повторяющиеся вдох и выдох. 2. На мышцы, которые участвуют в процессе дыхания, воздействуют нервные импульсы. 3. Когда диафрагма опускается, размер грудной клетки увеличивается. 4. Во время выдоха объем грудной клетки уменьшается, и давление в легких увеличивается. 5. Физическая нагрузка обычно сопровождается ускоренным дыханием.

f_v • Часть II

‘ > ; >

Слова к части II

excite [ik’sait] vвозбуждать cough [kof] vкашлять

excitation [,eksi’teijn]nвозбуждениеcoughingnкашель

cease [si:s] vпрекращать(ся)

arise [a’raiz] vвозникать, появляться

deep [di:p] а глубокий

depth [depG] nглубина

evident[ evidant] а очевидный, явный

state [steit] nсостояние sneeze [sni-.z] vчихать sneezingnчихание adjust [a’djAst] vприспособлять, согласовывать alter[‘э:кэ] vизменять(ся) alteration [,o:lt9’reiJn] nизменение

nutrient [‘njuitrisnt]а питательный;

п питательное вещество nutritious [nju:’tri/ds]а питательный deliver [diTivs] vдоставлять, передавать

soluble [‘soljubl]а растворимый insolubleа нерастворимый solution [sd’lu:Jn] п раствор connect [ks’nekt] vсоединять(ся),

связываться) connection[кз’пек/п] п соединение,

связь, присоединение connective [ks’nektiv]а соединительный, связующий according [a’ko:dir)] toprepсогласно,

в соответствии с bacterium[Ьаек’Пзпзт](pi.bacteria[ЬаекЧюпэ]) п бактерия

vomitive[ vomitiv] п рвотное (средство)

vomitory[Vomitan]а рвотный nutrition [nju:’trijn] п питание, пища nutritive [‘nju-.tntiv]а питательный,

пищевой split [split] vрасщеплять ascend [a’send] vподниматься protein [‘proutiin] nпротеин, белок remain [rfmein] vоставаться remainder [ri’meinds] nостаток undergo [,Andd’gou] vиспытывать, переносить, подвергаться чему-л. exist [igzist] vсуществовать, быть,

находиться existence [igzistans] nсуществование prevent [pri’vent] vпредотвращать, предохранять, предупреждать

Food qnters the